Content
Ungulates are phalanx walking animals. This means that the entire weight of their body falls only on a very small point of support - the terminal phalanx on the fingers. The keratinized part of the skin: nails in humans, claws in many mammals and birds, in ungulates has evolved into a hoof. The outer part of this organ bears at least half of the total load on the entire hoof. Because of this, cattle and horse hoof diseases are very common. Sheep, goats and pigs also suffer from ungulate diseases, but to a lesser extent, since their weight is less.
Varieties of hoof diseases in cows
The hoof is a horny capsule that protects the tissues inside, firmly attached to the skin. The structure of a cow's hoof is similar to that of a horse. The only differences are in the presence of two fingers in cows. Because of this, the hoof wall of a cow is slightly thinner than that of a horse. The soft part of the sole also has a slightly different shape. But the principle is the same.
The hoof is not a monolith. It has a complex structure. The hard part of the hoof, called the hoof shoe, is composed of the following layers:
- The hoof wall formed by the tubular horn. This part is "dead" over almost the entire height of the hoof and has a protective function.
- Lamellar horn located under the tubular layer. This layer also dies off closer to the plantar and forms a "white line": a relatively soft substance that resembles rubber. The lamellar layer is "alive" over almost the entire height of the hoof, except for the plantar part.
- The outsole protects the bottom of the foot.
Dead and hard layers of the hoof separate the living layers of skin that surround the coffin bone from the sides and bottom.
Inside the hoof shoe are the bones of two phalanges of the toe. Cows walk on the terminal phalanx, which is called the hoof bone. The hoof shoe follows the shape of this bone.
The hoof shoe connects to the skin of the limb through a special layer: the skin of the corolla. The corolla is only about 1 cm wide. But this area plays an important role in the formation of the hoof. Corolla damage or disease is reflected in cattle hooves.
In cows, fungal diseases are considered the most common:
- Mortellaro's disease;
- pododermatitis;
- footrot.
Dirty litter and insufficient exercise create favorable conditions for the development of various types of fungi.
This "injustice" is explained by the fact that it is often more profitable to donate a cow for meat than to spend money on treating a disease. For especially valuable breeding cows, the same techniques are used as for horses.
Strawberry disease
Popular name for digital dermatitis. This disease has synonyms associated with the author of the discovery and the place of first detection:
- hairy heel warts;
- strawberry hoof rot;
- Mortellaro's disease;
- Italian rot;
- papillomatous digital dermatitis.
All names of the disease reflect either the history of the discovery, or the appearance that the skin formation takes.
For the first time, digital dermatitis was discovered in Italy (Italian rot) in 1974. The disease is caused by mixed types of bacteria, instead of one specific pathogen. Outwardly, the affected area looks like a pink tumor with tubercles. A hair sticks out of each tubercle. Hence the main popular names for dermatitis: strawberry and hair.
The real heel, similar to the human heel, is located near the hock in animals and is called the calcaneal tuberosity.
Digital dermatitis is different from foot rot, although both diseases can occur at the same time. The development of Mortellaro disease begins with a lesion in the heel of the hoof. The disease affects dairy cattle. Due to pain and discomfort, the cow decreases milk yield, but the quality of milk is not affected.
Causes and symptoms
There is no pronounced seasonality in this type of disease, since bacteria multiply in the dirty litter of the barn. The causes of Mortellaro's disease are non-observance of the rules for caring for cows:
- dirty wet litter;
- lack of hoof care;
- unbalanced diet that lowers immunity;
- soft hooves;
- introduction of sick animals into the herd.
Dermatitis of this type is caused by anaerobic bacteria, for which dirt in the litter is an ideal breeding ground. Spirochetes of the genus Treponema form the basis of the "set" of bacteria.
At the initial stage of the disease, the formation looks like an oval, red, raw ulcer on the heel. Then the ulcer develops into a convex bump, the surface of which rather resembles the well-known strawberries, but lychees with hairs sticking out of the tubercles. But few people saw the lychee.
Without treatment, dermatitis grows and spreads to nearby areas. The formation can pass into the gap between the hooves and further up. With advanced dermatitis, lameness is observed in a cow.
Attempts to identify the existing set of bacteria are made very rarely, and the diagnosis is made on the basis of history and clinical signs. A classification of the stages of digital dermatitis has been developed. The letter "M" in the stage designation means "Mortellaro":
- M0 - healthy skin;
- M1 - early stage, diameter of the lesion <2 cm;
- M2 - active acute ulcer;
- M3 - healing, the affected area is covered with a scab;
- М4 - a chronic stage, most often expressed in the form of a thickened epithelium.
With digital dermatitis, a comprehensive treatment is carried out aimed at the maximum destruction of all possible types of pathogenic bacteria.
Photo of a cow's hoof with Mortellaro's disease and its developmental cycles.
Treatment methods
Treatment of the disease is carried out with antibiotics, which are applied to the affected area. The skin must first be cleaned and dried. The best treatment for Mortellaro's disease is considered to be Oxytetracycline, which is applied to an ulcer. Dressings do not affect the course of treatment, but they protect the wound from contamination. This procedure is optional.
If there are many animals in the herd, they make baths with a disinfectant solution. The solution contains formalin and copper sulfate. The second option is thymol solution.
The length of the bath is not less than 1.8 m, and the depth is not less than 15 cm. It is made in such a way that each leg of the cow is dipped twice into the solution to the level of the fetlock. In the barn, the formation of slurry, which promotes the development of pathogenic bacteria, is avoided.
Footrot
Also multibacterial hoof disease, but the predominant microorganisms causing rot are Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus.Hoof rot affects cattle of all ages, but is most common in adult cows.
The disease does not have a pronounced seasonality, but in rainy summers and autumn cases of the disease are more frequent.
Causes and symptoms
If the skin is healthy, bacteria cannot cause disease. To penetrate into the body, pathogens need some kind of damage to the skin. The provoking factors are:
- Dirt and wet bedding will soften the skin. Because of this, the epidermis is easily damaged, and infection can penetrate through the wound.
- Dirt frozen into sharp thorns or dried to a solid state can also injure a cow's leg.
- The stones often injure the skin around the hoof.
Since it is difficult to injure all 4 legs at the same time, usually the symptoms of the disease appear first on any one limb.
Signs of the initial stage of the disease:
- lameness;
- wound damage on a sore leg;
- pus may be present;
- unpleasant odor;
- fever with a temperature of 39.5-40 ° C;
- swelling of the leg;
- sharp pain.
Hoof rot is usually an intractable disease of cattle hooves, and treatment can take several months. Especially under poor conditions of detention. But there have also been cases of spontaneous recovery.
Treatment methods
In the case of hoof rot, it is not worth relying on "it will pass by itself." Usually, this disease is well treated with systemic antibiotics in combination with preventive measures: dry, clean bedding and long walks in the pasture.
Of the antibiotics used to treat the disease:
- tetracyclines;
- penicillin;
- sulfadimidine sodium;
- sulfabromomethazine;
- other antibacterial agents.
After treatment with medications, cows are kept on a clean, dry floor until the signs of rot disappear.
Recent studies abroad have shown that zinc supplements are highly effective in disease prevention. Also, as a preventive measure, chlortetracycline is added to cattle feed at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg of live weight.
Pododermatitis
A group of diseases is called pododermatitis:
- aseptic (non-purulent or non-infectious);
- infectious (purulent);
- chronic verrucous.
The causes and symptoms of these cow hoof diseases, as well as their treatment, differ from each other.
Aseptic pododermatitis
This is a non-suppurative inflammation of the base of the hoof skin. The disease has 2 types of course: acute and chronic. Pododermatitis can be localized in a limited area or cover a significant part of the hoof. The most common place of occurrence of the disease is the area of the heel angles.
Causes and symptoms
There are quite a few reasons for the occurrence of non-purulent pododermatitis, but usually they are all associated with excessive pressure on the sole:
- bruises (in a simple way, they are often called hints);
- improper trimming of the hoof, due to which the cow begins to lean not on the hoof wall, but only on the sole;
- thinning of the sole due to improper trimming;
- content and movement on a hard surface.
The symptom of this type of disease is lameness, the degree of which depends on the severity of the hoof lesion. In acute aseptic pododermatitis, lameness worsens when driving on hard ground. The hoof shoe temperature is higher than that of a healthy limb. This difference is determined by simple hand feeling. Increased pulsation of the digital arteries. Find out the localization of inflammation using test forceps.
The chronic form of the disease is determined by the appearance of the hoof.
Treatment methods
The cow is transferred to soft bedding. On the first day, cold compresses are made on the hoof. From the 2nd day until the end of the inflammation process, thermal procedures are used: hot baths or mud, UHF.
Injection of corticosteroids into the digital arteries is also recommended. But this procedure must be carried out by a specialist.
If the inflammation persists or the symptoms intensify, the abscess is opened. The open cavity is protected with a sterile dressing until scarring occurs.
Chronic aseptic pododermatitis in cows is not treated because it is not economically viable.
Infectious pododermatitis
The disease occurs in all types of ungulates. The current is shallow or deep; diffuse or focal.
Causes and symptoms
The cause of the disease is usually infection of wounds, deep cracks and cuts. In cows, infectious pododermatitis often occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to hard cement floors. In this case, the onset of the disease is facilitated by the abrasion and softening of the sole of the hoof.
The main symptom of purulent pododermatitis in a cow is the protection of the leg. The resting cow rests only on the toe of the affected leg. Lameness is clearly visible when moving. The general temperature in cows rises slightly, but the hoof is hot to the touch. When examining with test forceps, the cow pulls out a leg and does not want to stand still.
With deep purulent pododermatitis, the symptoms of the disease are the same as with superficial, but more pronounced. If the focus has not yet been opened, the general depression of the cow is also observed.
Treatment methods
When treating the disease, an abscess is first opened, since it is necessary to provide a free outlet for pus. The focus of inflammation is detected using test forceps and then the sole is cut out before the abscess is opened.
After the operation, the wound is washed from a syringe with an antiseptic, dried with cotton swabs and then treated with antibacterial powder preparations. A sterile bandage is applied on top. If the lesion was opened from the plantar side, the bandage is soaked in tar and a canvas stocking is put on.
Chronic verrucous pododermatitis
The old name of the disease is arrow cancer. Previously it was thought that this hoof disease was specific to horses only. Later, verrucous pododermatitis was found in cows, sheep and pigs. The disease usually affects 1-2 fingers, rarely when all the hooves on the limb are damaged.
The frog cancer begins from the crumb, less often from the sole of the hoof. This type of dermatitis got the name "arrow cancer" due to the fact that the tissues damaged by the disease look like neoplasms.
Causes and symptoms
The causative agent of the disease has not been identified. The provoking factors include:
- content in the mud;
- prolonged softening of the hoof horn due to damp soil;
- excess cutting of the finger crumb.
In the benign form of the disease, hyperplasia of the papillary layer is present. In the malignant form, histology studies show carcinoma.
Hyperplasia and decay of the stratum corneum are detected from the moment the clinical signs of the disease appear. The papillae of the base of the stratum corneum, increasing, take a bulbous shape.
In the lesion focus, the stratum corneum becomes soft, begins to separate easily and turns into a liquid brown mass with an unpleasant odor. Gradually, the process extends to the entire crumb and sole of the hoof. The stratum corneum of the hoof shoe is not affected by the process, but in this area of the hoof, as well as in the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe corolla and lateral cartilage, secondary purulent abscesses occur.
Lameness is most often absent and manifests itself only when moving on soft ground or severe damage to the hoof.
Treatment methods
No effective remedies have been found for the treatment of this disease. The affected areas are cut out and then cauterized with antiseptic agents. A positive result is obtained if the disease was in its initial stage. In severe cases, it is more profitable to hand over a cow for meat.
Laminitis
This disease also belongs to the group of pododermatitis. Since the mechanism of the onset and course of the disease differs from other types of diseases in this group, laminitis is usually not perceived as pododermatitis. The common name for this disease is "opoy".But modern research has proven that water is not a causative factor in this disease. Moreover, the name "opoy" came from the fact that the disease allegedly arose from the drinking of a large amount of water by a hot horse. But cows, sheep and goats also suffer from laminitis. And no one drives these animals to exhaustion.
Laminitis has other names as well:
- rheumatic inflammation of the hooves;
- acute diffuse aseptic pododermatitis.
Horses are indeed the most susceptible to the disease. In all species of ungulates, the disease most often affects the forelimbs due to the fact that the bulk of the animal's weight falls on the shoulder girdle. Less commonly, all four legs are affected.
Causes and symptoms
Unlike other pododermatitis, rheumatic inflammation of the hooves is toxic-chemical in nature. The causes of the disease are:
- protein-rich feed with a lack of movement;
- poor quality moldy feed contaminated with fungal toxins;
- excess weight;
- content on a hard floor;
- tympany;
- infectious diseases;
- postpartum complications;
- abortion;
- dead fetus decomposing in the uterus;
- allergy to drugs.
The first signs of the disease are easy to miss, since only in the first hours, rapid breathing, an increase in the general body temperature, and cardiac disorders are observed. At the same time, muscle tremors and hyperemia of the mucous membranes appear. These signs can be confused with many other illnesses.
After the body temperature returns to normal, breathing and heart function are restored. Externally. Since the cow has an unnatural stance with the support of the hooves on the heel. When listening, there will be a noticeable rapid heartbeat: a sign of pain.
Rheumatic inflammation of the hooves can occur in two forms: acute and chronic. In acute inflammation, the soreness of the hooves increases during the first 2 days. Later, the pain subsides, and after a week, complete recovery may occur. But in fact, in the absence of treatment, acute hoof inflammation often becomes chronic.
In the chronic form of the disease, the coffin bone is displaced and, in severe cases, comes out through the sole (sole perforation). The hoof becomes a hedgehog. Well-defined “waves” of the hoof horn appear on the front of the hoof. This is due to the fact that the toe part of the hoof in rheumatic inflammation grows much faster than the heel.
With a particularly severe course of the disease, the hoof shoe may come off the limb. For any ungulate animal, this is a death sentence. If they are trying to treat horses as pets, then there is no point in saving the cow. It is more profitable to buy a new one. Most often, the shoe comes off only from one hoof. Since a cow is a cloven-hoofed animal, it has a chance to survive if the shoe comes off only one hoof on its leg. But, in fact, the cow will remain mutilated.
The horse was even saved, spending a lot of time and money. But he was already unsuitable for work.
Treatment methods
If the hoof is deformed, treatment is no longer possible. A favorable prognosis for the outcome of the disease is only if measures are taken within the first 12-36 hours.
First of all, the cause of the disease is removed. The cow is transferred to a box with soft bedding. Cooling wet compresses are applied to the hooves. A good option is to place the cow in a stream to cool the hooves with running water. Analgesics are used to relieve pain. An immediate reduction in cow weight, although not very significant, can be achieved by giving diuretics. Weight loss is necessary to reduce pressure on the hooves. After the signs of acute inflammation have been removed, the cow is forced to move in order to improve blood circulation in the hooves.
Corolla phlegmon
Purulent inflammation of the tissue under the base of the corolla skin and hoof border. Cellulitis is of two types: traumatic and infectious. The first occurs when the corolla skin is injured or severely softened. The second is a complication of other hoof diseases.
Causes and symptoms
The cause of the disease is most often repeated bruises and injuries to the corolla. If the corolla is kept on a dirty mat for a long time, the skin of the corolla softens, and microorganisms that cause disease can also penetrate through it. Moments contributing to the appearance of purulent inflammation of the hoof: low immunity in a cow due to exhaustion, overwork or illness with another disease. Phlegmon can also be a consequence of purulent-necrotic processes in a cow's hoof.
The first sign of the onset of the disease is swelling of the corolla of the hoof with an increase in local temperature. The swelling is painful and tense. A little later, other symptoms of the disease appear:
- increase in overall body temperature;
- decreased appetite;
- oppression;
- decrease in milk yield;
- severe lameness;
- unwillingness to move, the cow prefers to lie down.
On a blood test, you can see too many white blood cells in the cow's blood.
With further development, the tumor grows and hangs over the hoof wall. The swelling extends to the entire finger. At the highest point of the tumor, softening appears, and the skin tears, releasing the accumulated pus. After opening the abscess, the general condition of the cow immediately improves.
In the second type of phlegmon (purulent-putrefactive), a whitish strip first appears on the lower edge of the swelling. On the 3-4th day, brownish drops of exudate appear on the surface of the swelling. On the 4-5th day, the skin becomes necrotic, the exudate becomes bloody, ulcers appear in the place of the torn pieces of skin.
In cows that have had phlegmon, changes in the papillary layer of the corolla occur. As a result, even after recovery, visible defects remain on the horny wall of the hoof.
Treatment methods
The method of treatment is chosen depending on the degree of development of phlegmon and the complexity of the ongoing purulent-necrotic processes. At the initial stage of the disease, they try to stop the development of an abscess in the hoof. For this, alcohol-ichthyol dressings are used. Also, antibiotics with novocaine are injected into the arteries of the cow's finger.
If the development of phlegmon has not stopped, the abscess is opened. The opening of the abscess and further treatment of the wound should be carried out by a specialist, since the inflammation can already spread to neighboring tissues. The wound in the hoof is washed with hydrogen peroxide, dried and sprinkled abundantly with tricillin or oxytetracycline powder mixed with sulfadimezine. A sterile bandage is applied on top, which is changed every 3-6 days. In parallel with the treatment of the wound, the cow is given general tonic.
Sole ulcer
Cows do not have such a disease as erosion of the hoof, but a specific ulcer of the sole most closely matches this name. It is observed in cows in large industrial complexes. Usually large cows of high-milk breeds get sick with long-term stall keeping and abundant feeding. Disease almost never occurs in bulls. Young cattle are also less susceptible to this disease.
Causes and symptoms
Most often, the disease begins in the hind hooves of the cow. The provoking factors are:
- slatted floors;
- short, cramped stalls;
- untimely hoof trimming.
With rare trimming, the cow's hooves take on an elongated shape. As a result, the balance of the cow's body is shifted, and the coffin bone takes an unnatural position.
Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease:
- careful movements;
- lameness when leaning on the leg, especially pronounced when moving on an uneven surface;
- the cow prefers to lie down;
- decreased appetite;
- observe gradual exhaustion;
- milk yield decreases.
At the initial stage of the disease, spots of gray-yellow, red-yellow or dark red are formed on the sole of the hoof. At this point, the horn loses its elasticity and strength. As a result of the gradual chipping of the sole, a purulent-necrotic ulcer is formed at the site of the focus.
In the middle of the ulcer there are dead tissues, along the edges there are granulation growths. In the case of necrosis and rupture of the deep digital flexor, a fistula is formed in the ulcer, with a depth of more than 1 cm. The cow raises its leg to the toe at the moment of resting on the floor. A lesion of the shuttle mucous membrane of the bag or hoof joint is indicated by the outflow of a viscous fluid from the fistula.
Treatment methods
The hoof is treated by surgery. The prognosis is favorable only at the initial stage of the disease. During the operation, all the altered hoof horn and dead tissue are removed. Sometimes it may be necessary to amputate the affected toe.
Tiloma
Another name is "limax" (limax). Skin formation. This is a dense ridge in the area of the fornix of the interdigital fissure.
Causes and symptoms
The reasons for the origin are unknown. Presumably, not only external factors, but also heredity play a role in the appearance of tiloma. This theory is supported by the fact that tiloma most often occurs in cows under 6 years of age. In cows older than this age, the disease is less common, and after 9 years it does not occur at all.
Signs of tiloma:
- the appearance of a dense, painless, sclerotized skin roll;
- the formation has a length from the anterior to the posterior end of the interdigital fissure;
- increase in the roller.
At the moment of resting on the ground, the hooves move apart and the roller is injured. Exudate accumulates between the tiloma and the skin, irritating the skin. With repeated injuries, an infection enters the wound, leading to purulent diseases of the hoof. Sometimes the roller can become keratinized. In a cow with tiloma, caution is first observed with the affected leg resting on the floor. Lameness develops later.
Treatment methods
Tylooma is usually removed by surgery, cutting out the formation. Cauterization of the roller with antiseptic preparations very rarely leads to a positive result.
Lameness
Lameness is not a disease, but a symptom of emerging problems. There can be many reasons for it. And often lameness is not caused by a disease of the hoof, but a problem in the joints above. Lameness can also be caused by improper development of the hoof:
- thin sole;
- hoof compressed under the rim;
- crooked hoof;
- fragile and brittle horn;
- soft horn;
- cracks;
- horny column.
Some of these causes of lameness can be congenital, but they are often caused by improper and untimely hoof trimming.
Pruning is done every 4 months, trying to keep the hoof balance. Often pruning is an adventurous process, as usually cows are not taught to give legs and stand quietly during the procedure. Most often, a cow's hoof is not paid attention at all until the animal limps. As a result, it is necessary to treat hoof diseases in a cow with the help of felling.
Prevention measures
Prevention measures for hoof diseases are simple:
- regular hoof trimming;
- keeping cows on a clean bed;
- quality walking;
- non-toxic food;
- a lot of movement.
Prevention will not work if the disease is hereditary. But such cows are culled from the herd and not allowed into breeding.
Conclusion
Diseases of cattle hooves affect not only the movement of cows, but also their productivity. At the same time, hoof treatment is a long and not always successful exercise. It is easier to prevent the disease than to correct the mistake later.
