Content
- 1 How many varieties of walnuts are there
- 2 Frost-resistant varieties of walnuts
- 3 Early-growing walnut varieties
- 4 Dwarf walnut varieties
- 5 Lateral walnut varieties
- 6 Large-fruited walnut varieties
- 7 Walnut varieties for the Moscow region
- 8 Walnut varieties for the Krasnodar Territory
- 9 What is the best variety of walnut
- 10 Conclusion
Many varieties of walnuts can be successfully grown not only in the fertile southern climate, but also in central Russia. The material below describes the varieties of walnuts with a description of varieties and photos that can bear fruit both in the south of the Russian Federation and in the temperate zone.
How many varieties of walnuts are there
Walnut is a culture known since time immemorial. It is grown in Central Asia, Moldova, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the southern regions of the Russian Federation. To date, a large number of varieties have been bred, characterized by early maturity, high productivity, frost resistance and unpretentious care.
A large segment of breeding work focuses on the creation of cold-resistant trees in order to expand the range of successful walnut cultivation. In the Tula Region, Yevgeny Vasin, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, has created a collection of walnut crops, including 7 species and more than 100 walnut hybrids. Among them there are those that can withstand temperatures as low as -38.5 ° C.
A valuable contribution to the creation of new hybrids was made by breeders from the Tashkent region, where walnuts have been growing in the wild since the Tertiary period. Extensive walnut forests are a valuable gene pool for breeding high-yielding varieties that can bring good profits when grown on an industrial scale.
Frost-resistant varieties of walnuts
In Central Russia, when choosing a walnut, the first thing you need to pay attention to is frost resistance. In the harsh climate for this southern culture, not every hybrid will be able to survive the winter, even under good shelter. There are several varieties specially bred for such conditions that have proven themselves excellent from this point of view.
Ideal. Bred in 1947 by an Uzbek breeder from Fergana, Sergei Sergeevich Kalmykov. Differs in early maturity, can begin to bear fruit as early as 2 years after planting, however, a good harvest can only be harvested from a 5-year-old tree and older.
It grows 4-5 m in height, the flowers are perfectly pollinated by the wind. Nuts are oval in shape, the shell is thin, the average weight of the fruit is 10 g. Harvesting is carried out from the beginning of autumn to the end of October. Can bear fruit in 2 waves. Walnut Ideal can withstand temperatures down to -35 ° C, resistant to chlorosis.
Astakhovsky. A relatively new variety of walnut, characterized by increased resistance to frost and pest damage. Included in the State Register of Russia in 2015. Recommended for growing in private farms in the Central Black Earth, Central and Middle Volga regions of Russia.
The crown of a tree is able to quickly recover from frostbite, calmly tolerates cold up to -37 ° C. Begins to bear fruit from the age of 6, 10-20 kg can be collected from one hazel. Nuts with a thin shell, easily split in two. The average weight of the fruit is 23.4 g, the maximum weight is 27.1 g. The variety is considered dessert, the assessment of professional tasters is 5 points.
Memory of Minov. Bred by Belarusian breeders on the basis of RUE "Institute of Fruit Growing". It is positioned as a medium-ripening large-fruited walnut. The tree is distinguished by a fast growth rate, the crown is powerful, of medium density, fork-shaped.The flowering type is homogamous, that is, the male and female flowers bloom synchronously, which ensures excellent pollination. Fruiting is apical and regular over the years, the first harvest is obtained after 5-6 years. Ripening occurs at the end of September.
Nuts are large, with a thin shell (1 mm), flattened with slight ribbing. Average weight - 15 g, the largest - 18.5 g.
This winter-hardy walnut variety can withstand frosts down to -37 ° C. Among the advantages, it is worth noting the immunity to brown spot.
Samokhvalovichsky-2. A fast-growing frost-resistant variety of medium ripening. Bred by RUE "Institute of Horticulture" of the Republic of Belarus. The tree is powerful, with an average crown density, nuts are formed in 2-5 pieces. on a branch or in clusters of 8-10 fruits. Average weight - 8.3 g, maximum - 10.5 g. The shell thickness is only 0.8 mm. Samokhvalovichsky-2 is considered a dessert variety.
Duet. A versatile variety with good winter hardiness, stable yield with a high kernel yield. Recommended for growing in the Central Black Earth Region. The tree grows up to 13 m, the crown is dense, round. Nuts are ovoid, weight - 11.2 g. From one specimen, you can collect up to 10 kg of fruit per season.
Early-growing walnut varieties
When planting a new tree, every gardener wants to see the fruits of his labor as soon as possible, that is, the first harvest. For impatient summer residents, when choosing a walnut variety in the description, you must first of all pay attention to such a parameter as early maturity.
Rapid Levina. Low-growing (4-5 m) variety, characterized by increased frost resistance. At prolonged negative temperatures at -35 ° C, it may freeze, but after pruning it quickly recovers. This variety was bred by a breeder from Voronezh Ivan Pavlovich Levin from Ideal.
Fruits are thin, easily broken when squeezed with fingers. Nuts weigh on average 8-14 g, the kernels have a pleasant table taste. Fruiting is regular, up to 20 kg are harvested from one adult nut. Not susceptible to pests and diseases.
Krasnodar fast-growing. Differs in high productivity, is not affected by diseases and pests. The growth rate is high. The harvest ripens by the end of September. Nuts are medium in size, weighing 8-10 g.
Dessert. A vigorous, spreading tree with a rounded-oval crown. Drought resistant, but low winter hardiness. With proper agricultural technology, it bears fruit annually starting from 4-5 years, the type of fruiting is apical. The good ratio of fats and proteins in the kernel provides the Dessert with excellent taste Nuts weigh an average of 11.8 g, up to 22 kg can be removed from one tree per season.
Korenovsky. Obtained by the Russian breeder V.V. Stefanenko by pollination of local large-fruited varieties with Ideal's pollen. The trees are not tall, they bear fruit in clusters for 2-3 years. Nuts are large, with a thin shell, dessert taste. Walnut Korenovsky can bloom twice a year.
Uzbek fast-growing. Bred in Asia. The tree is compact in size, due to which a denser planting is possible. It enters the fruiting season for 3-4 years, blooms in several visits. Nuts are large, weighing 14-16 g, retain their presentation and taste throughout the whole year.
It should be noted that there are several early-growing varieties bred by Ukrainian breeders:
- Pyriatinsky;
- Donetsk early;
- Porig;
- Champion;
- Scarb;
- Stus;
- Spark;
- The gift is pure.
Dwarf walnut varieties
Low-growing walnut varieties are attractive because of the ease of harvesting and the ability to plant more trees in a small area. The most famous, from this point of view, are the varieties listed below.
Dwarf-3. The tree grows poorly, by the age of 20 it does not exceed 2.3 m, the crown diameter is 1.8 m.Fruits are round-oblong, with an average weight of 12 g. The shell is strong, 1.5 mm thick. When breaking, the whole core is removed. The crop is harvested in mid-September, from 1 hectare to 50 centners.
Dwarf-5. The name of the variety speaks for itself - the tree does not exceed a height of 1.5-2 m. It grows slowly, the crown is round, branches are located at right angles to the trunk. Fruits are of medium size, egg-shaped, thin-cored, average weight - 10.5 g. Begins to bear fruit in 3 years, yields a harvest annually. Differs in average frost resistance, at a temperature of -24 ° C the share of frostbite areas is 40-60%.
Kocherzhenko. This variety of walnut was bred by a breeder from Kiev and named after its creator. This is an improved version of the well-known Ideal variety. The tree has a sparse compact crown, its height does not exceed 2.5-3 m. It ripens early, in 2-3 years the first crop can be harvested. The fruits are large, round, covered with a delicate thin shell. The weight of a medium nut is 14 g.
Walnut Kocherzhenko is characterized by unpretentious care, early maturity and high frost resistance (up to -30 ° C). Recommended for cultivation in private gardens from Vladivostok to St. Petersburg, there is a successful cultivation experience in the Urals and Siberia.
ANDvan crimson. A low-growing hybrid that does not grow higher than 2-2.5 m. The same Ideal became the starting material for obtaining a walnut of the Ivan Bagryany variety. Fruiting in clusters for 2 years. Trees can be planted according to the 3 * 3 m scheme. Differs in the best frost resistance relative to the Ideal variety.
Yuri Gagarin. In the description of the Yuri Gagarin walnut variety, it is indicated about increased frost resistance, good yield and excellent immunity to diseases. It grows no more than 5 m, the crown is dense and spreading. Nuts are large, oval in shape.
Abundant. An adult tree does not exceed 3-5 m in height. Fruiting from the 4th year of life, the fruits are formed in the form of a bunch of 3-8 nuts. An average fruit weighs about 12 g, 28-30 kg can be harvested from one plant. Abundant from year to year is gaining popularity among gardeners, due to its high yield, excellent taste and resistance to brown spot. The only negative is that the variety does not tolerate frost.
Lateral walnut varieties
Species and varieties of walnuts with lateral (lateral) fruiting are especially valuable for breeding work. On such a hazel - female inflorescences, and subsequently the fruits, develop not only on the tops of mature branches, but also on young shoots. With sufficient lighting, such a side branch is capable of bearing fruit for several seasons in a row, which significantly increases the yield of lateral trees in comparison with hazel trees of terminal (apical) fruiting. Lateral varieties quickly enter the period of stable fruiting, on average 4 years after planting in the garden.
Peschansky. The tree is of medium size, the crown is round, medium leafy. The branches are quite sparse, located almost 90 ° to the trunk. Nuts are smooth, without pronounced ribs, round-oval. The kernel is dense, oily, with a pleasant cream shade. Dessert taste. Harvested from late September to early October. The Peschansky variety is distinguished by good resistance to drought and frost (down to -30 ° C).
Vasion. A tree of medium height, not prone to major diseases of fruit and berry crops. It tolerates frosts down to -30 ° C, freezing of only young shoots is possible without negative consequences for the plant as a whole.
The fruits are spherical, on average 18-20 g, the shell is thin. The Vasion variety is a high-yielding variety, from 1 hectare you can harvest up to 50 centners of nuts
Taisiya. A variety with a late flowering and ripening period. With regular pruning of the crown, the tree does not exceed a height of 3-4 m. The average foliage makes it possible to plant more densely. With sufficient sunlight penetration, the side shoots will also be fruitful.Walnuts of the Taisiya variety are large, on average - 16-20 g, the shell is thin, the inner partition is easily separated. The presentation and taste are excellent.
Timofey. The variety is an exact copy of Taisiya, with a difference in the time of blooming of male and female flowers. Timofey and Taisiya are inter-pollinated.
Chandler. American scientists worked on the creation of varieties of the lateral type of fruiting back in the 19th century. The most famous variety, obtained in California in 1979, bears the name of its creator - William Chandler. This is a medium-sized, high-yielding variety that begins to bear fruit after 3-4 years. The fruits are formed in the form of bunches, the weight of one nut is 14-16 g. From 1 hectare, up to 5 tons of dry nuts can be harvested. In Russian conditions, the opportunity to cultivate this variety is only in the southern regions on frost-resistant acclimatized rootstocks.
Large-fruited walnut varieties
Fruit weight is an important factor taken into account in breeding work. To date, several varieties have been bred, leading in this indicator.
Giant. The Giant variety is an improved version of the Ideal. Possesses identical indicators of frost resistance. The tree grows up to 5-7 m, the crown is graceful and compact, which allows planting this walnut not only as a fruit crop, but also as a decorative one. The Giant begins to bear fruit fully at the age of 6. The weight of the nuts reaches 35 g, up to 100 kg can be harvested from one adult hazel.
Bukovina bomb. The original form of this mid-season nut was found on a garden plot in the Donetsk region. Vigorous tree with a spherical crown. Fruiting is moderate, but annual, the average fruit weighs about 18 g, specimens of 28-30 g are known. Nuts have a rounded-cylindrical shape, compressed from the sides. Bukovyna bomb is characterized by increased winter hardiness, mediocre immunity to brown spot. It perfectly conveys the properties of the mother plant when propagated by seeds.
Kalarashsky. A tall tree with a dense lush crown. Fruiting annually, in a rainy summer it can be affected by brown spot. The nuts are large, weighing 15-19 g. The shell is slightly ribbed, rounded, of medium thickness, when cracked, the whole kernel can be taken out.
Without a doubt, the plants described above can be attributed to large-fruited varieties:
- Astakhovsky;
- Memory of Minov;
- Ideal.
Walnut varieties for the Moscow region
In addition to the winter-hardy varieties listed above, a sufficient number of walnut variations have been created for the Moscow region and regions with similar climatic conditions. The main criteria for the selection of seedlings are frost resistance, yield, excellent taste.
Harvestable. Mid-season variety, nuts ripen by the end of September. In height, Yielding can reach 6 m, the crown is broadly oval, dense, with apical-lateral type of fruiting. The harvest is regular from 4-5 years, from one specimen you can collect up to 24-28 kg of nuts. The weight of the average fruit is 8.7 g, the shell is no more than 1 mm thick. Resistance to brown spot is mediocre.
Winter-hardy, recommended for widespread cultivation. Yielding - an old, time-tested variety, entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements back in 1965.
Aurora. A vigorous tree that grows over 6 m in height, the growth rate is fast. Fruiting since 4 years, with each season the yield increases. An adult walnut Aurora can bring up to 25 kg per season. The weight of a medium nut is 12.8 g, the shell thickness is 0.9 mm.
Differs in winter hardiness and good immunity to various diseases. Recommended for widespread cultivation in industrial plantations.
Sadko. This frost-resistant dwarf variety is often called Shugin's nut, after the name of the breeder. A native of Kharkov, when moving to the Moscow region, he set out to develop a variety that could overwinter in the conditions of the Moscow region and, at the same time, not be inferior in taste to its southern Ukrainian brethren. In the early 80s he got Sadko - prolific, winter-hardy and early maturing.
The tree is stunted (up to 3.5 m), begins to bear fruit for 3 years. Fruits are medium-sized - about 4 cm in caliber, but 6-8 pieces ripen on one bunch.
Moscow region. An early ripe variety with good frost resistance. The nuts are large, the kernel has an excellent dessert taste. The name implies cultivation in the conditions of the Moscow region.
Walnut varieties for the Krasnodar Territory
Especially for the fertile conditions of Krasnodar with its warm climate, Russian specialists from the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the NKZNIISiV obtained several varieties of walnuts that are optimally suitable for cultivation in this region.
Elegant. A mid-early variety that ripens in mid-September. The tree is medium-sized, up to 5 m in height, with a powerful, well-leafy oval crown. The first worthy harvest is removed for 5-6 years, terminal fruiting.
Nuts of excellent presentation, weigh about 12.5 g, shell thickness does not exceed 1.2 mm. From an adult hazel, you can get up to 20 kg per season. The Graceful variety is characterized by high resistance to drought; it rarely suffers from marsonia. Recommended for industrial cultivation.
Krasnodarets. The variety is under state testing. The tree is tall, with a wide-rounded dense crown that requires thinning. Fruiting annually from 4-5 years old, harvesting occurs at the end of September.
Nuts have excellent taste and decent presentation. The average weight is 12.7 g, up to 20 kg are removed from a 10-year-old hazel. Krasnodarets tolerates drought well, rarely suffers from fungal diseases, in particular, from marsonia.
Pelan. The tree is tall, with an apical-lateral type of fruiting, by the age of 14 it reaches a height of 10 m with a crown diameter of 9.5 m. It brings a stable harvest from 4-5 years. In the Kuban area, nuts are harvested in the 20th of September. The fruits are small, broadly oval, with an average weight of 9.5 g. The shell is thin; when removed, the kernel breaks in two.
Pelan rarely suffers from pests and diseases, it is highly resistant to negative temperatures and drought.
Dawn of the East. Early ripening variety, zoned in the Krasnodar Territory. The tree has an average growth rate, bears fruit from 4-5 years, the type of fruiting is apical-lateral. Nuts ripen by the end of September. The size of the fruits is average, the weight is about 9 g. From an adult specimen aged 10-12 years, up to 24 kg of nuts can be removed. The variety is characterized by average winter hardiness, resistance to marsoniasis is also average. The dawn of the east is considered one of the best walnut varieties for the Kuban. Recommended for private gardens.
Uchkhoz Kuban. It is characterized by abundant and regular fruiting from 4 years after planting. Nuts are thin, weigh an average of 9 g. It tolerates frost well, but has low immunity to diseases and pests.
Five-year plan. A new variety undergoing state testing. It is characterized by increased frost resistance, high annual yield. In the field it is resistant to brown spot. Apical-lateral fruiting occurs 4-5 years after planting. Nuts are harvested in the last days of September, up to 20 kg can be removed from one tree aged 8-10 years. Average fruit weight - 9 g. Five-year-old is a promising variety for cultivation in the Kuban.
In addition to those described above, such varieties are popular in the Kuban as:
- State farm;
- Breeder;
- Petrosyan's beloved;
- Krasnodar fast-growing;
- Dessert.
What is the best variety of walnut
The concept of the best walnut variety is controversial.For every gardener, he is different. With today's rich assortment, it is easy to choose a variety based on your own preferences and the climate of the region. Some are guided by yield in order to plant a crop in industrial volumes, others - by frost resistance so that the young tree does not die during the first snowy winter, and still others - by tasting indicators of kernels.
Conclusion
Various varieties of walnuts, bred in recent years, have significantly expanded the area of possible cultivation of this crop. Having once planted at least one nut seedling in your garden, you can provide yourself and your loved ones with a useful and environmentally friendly product for many years to come.
