Content
- 1 What does a mushroom ryadovka look like?
- 2 Where the rows grow
- 3 How row mushrooms grow
- 4 When rows grow
- 5 Varieties of rows
- 6 How to distinguish edible from poisonous ryadovka
- 7 Taste qualities of mushrooms
- 8 Collection rules
- 9 How to cook ryadovka mushrooms
- 10 Symptoms and signs of row poisoning
- 11 First aid for poisoning by rows
- 12 Conclusion
Rows (tricholoms) are medium-sized ground mushrooms that prefer coniferous neighborhood and grow in groups. The nondescript appearance and specific smell scare away those who like "quiet hunting". Many species in the family are truly unsuitable for human consumption. It is not easy to be able to distinguish between edible and poisonous ryadovka mushrooms. But this is worth learning, because dishes from trichol are delicious.
What does a mushroom ryadovka look like?
In total, about 100 varieties of rowers are known, among which there are poisonous mushrooms. Therefore, you need to know what edible, conditionally edible and inedible specimens look like. This will help the description of the row mushrooms and photos - later in the text.
The ryadovka's mushroom body consists of a cap and a leg. Outwardly, representatives of the family of ordinary family differ in the variability of characters. The caps of young specimens in various species have the shape of a ball, cone or bell. In an adult mushroom, the cap, growing, straightens. The diameter is from 3 to 20 cm. It has a noticeable, but small tubercle in the middle, and the edges can be wavy, straight, tucked in or turned out.
The skin of the fungus, depending on the species, is dry, velvety or smooth, slippery with mucus, pure white or all shades of yellow, green, red, brown. As it develops, the color also changes frequently.
Under the cap of the tricholoma there are spore-bearing plates, which, depending on the species, are thin, often located, or rare, thick, fused with the stem. The spores themselves are smooth, elongated whitish or transparent, and the spore powder is either white or brown.
The leg of the rows is completely bare, scaly or weakly fibrous. The color is pinkish brown. Some varieties have purple. The shape of the legs of mushrooms of this genus is varied: cylindrical, club-like, thickened at the cap or at the base. Remains of the covering covering the spore-bearing layer, if any, in the form of a fibrous ring under the cap.
Where the rows grow
Rows grow in temperate areas. The greatest species diversity is observed in the southern regions of Russia.
More often, tricholoms choose pine as a mycorrhizal neighbor, a little less often other conifers, very few species choose deciduous trees. The best type of soil for tricholas is coniferous, low-fat calcareous or sandy soils. But mixed wood is also suitable for them.
How row mushrooms grow
For the way they grow in groups - in rows - mushrooms got their name. Some species in the process of growth form ring-shaped colonies - "witch's circles".
Mushroom companies can be numerous, occupying impressive forest areas. Small groups are more common. Some rare species grow one by one.
When rows grow
Almost all types of row mushrooms are autumnal. Some of them appear as early as mid or late August. Separate specimens in spring - in April, May. But mainly fruiting occurs from the beginning of September until the November frost.There are varieties that grow in winter without fear of frost. The ripening peak is observed after air cooling to + 15 ° С, that is, in October. In this case, the optimum soil temperature should be about + 20 ° C.
Crimean species bear fruit constantly, except in late winter, but the most "fleshy" mushrooms are still obtained in the autumn period.
Varieties of rows
There are 45 types of rowers growing in Russia. According to their edibility, representatives of the genus are divided into subgroups:
- edible;
- conditionally edible;
- inedible poisonous.
Edible
Many of the edible species are delicious. Some edible mushrooms with photos and descriptions are presented below.
- Row gray (Tricholoma portentosum) is a popular edible mushroom. The hat is light gray and fleshy (up to 12 cm). While the row is young, it has a cone-shaped appearance, and for the older ones it is unevenly flat. The center of the cap is darker than the edges. The leg is gray or whitish. The flesh on the cut is slightly yellowish. The aroma is weak, the taste is not strong mealy.
- Lilac-footed row (Lepista saeva, Bluefoot) - belongs to the category of southern edible mushrooms. The hat (up to 15 cm) is yellowish-cream with a lilac bloom. The leg is low purple, less often light with purple veins. The pulp is dense, thick, very tasty. Fruiting - from April to October.
- May row (Calocybe gambosa) is a delicious edible mushroom. The cap in young specimens is hemispherical, while in older specimens it is convex and outstretched (up to 10 cm). Yellowish to white. The leg (up to 7 cm, 1-3 cm thick) expands at the ground. The pulp is snow-white, dense. It grows in the Central Asian steppes, China, Mongolia, where it is also highly valued for its medicinal properties. Fruiting - May, June.
- Shod row (Tricholoma caligatum, Matsutake). Translated from Japanese "matsutake" means "pine mushroom". Has a pine scent and a delicate taste inherent in noble edible mushrooms. The silky brown cap (6 to 20 cm) cracks in adult rowers. The flesh is snow-white, the leg is strong, whitish on top and brownish at the base (5-20 cm and up to 2.5 cm thick), sometimes tilts towards the ground.
Conditionally edible
Mushrooms of this group are often bitter. It is better to eat them young.
- Row purple... Hat up to 15 cm deep purple shade with light lilac flesh. In a young tricholoma it is in the form of a hemisphere, in an adult it is flat. The leg (up to 8 cm) is lighter than the cap and tougher. The firm flesh is very firm.
- Row earthy gray... A mushroom with a conical cap (up to 9 cm), growing, acquires a flat shape with a tubercle in the center. They are often called mice. The skin is silk mouse-brown or brick-colored. The snow-white leg (up to 9 cm in height) at the aging mushroom becomes hollow and yellow at the ground. Elastic pulp has almost no taste, but with an unobtrusive powdery odor.
- Poplar row... It is prized in the steppes, where there are always few mushrooms. This mushroom is short (up to 6 cm) with an uneven light brownish cap, which often has a cracked edge. The leg is cylindrical, up to 3 cm thick. The flesh is dense, white.
- Row yellow-red... A hat from 7 to 15 cm, with a matte yellow-orange or yellow-red surface, on which there are small scales. The leg is cylindrical from 5 to 10 cm, the same color as the cap, widened at the base.
- Row white-brown... The cap is mucous, reddish-brown, flattened with a tubercle in the middle and wavy edges. There are noticeable darkened veins on the surface, and the edge is pale. The leg is reddish-brown, velvety with a white spot. The pulp is white with a characteristic flour smell.
- Bandaged row... The surface of the fibrous cap, convex with a wavy edge, is colored unevenly, which is confirmed by the presence of veins and spots on it of red, yellow, olive or brown colors. The plates under the cap are tangled and covered with dark spots. Before the fleecy ring on the leg, the skin is light beige, and then with dark rusty scales.
- Rowing sulfur-yellow... This species is characterized by a poisonous yellow color of the cap and legs. The surface of the fruiting body has a velvety texture. The leg is thin. The pulp is also sulfur-colored with a pungent acetylene odor.
- The row is soapy... The coffee and milk spread cap has a dark center and a lighter, even edge. The leg, curved with a fibrous structure of the surface, is colored a tone lighter than the cap. The cut of the pulp turns red and exudes a strong chemical smell of soap with fruity notes.
Inedible - poisonous
There are noticeably fewer unsuitable varieties of rowers than edible ones. Among them there are some especially poisonous species that you need to know about. The most dangerous among the poisonous are those that can be easily confused with edible mushrooms.
- Row white... It is characterized by a white color of the fruiting body. Less commonly, there are slightly yellowish white rows. The open hat has a smooth, velvety surface. The cylindrical stem is slightly curved. A distinctive feature of the mushroom is the pulp with a pungent radish smell, turning pink at the break.
- The row is pointed... The cap has a characteristic conical shape with a pointed tubercle in the middle. Its skin is dry, dark gray, the edge is cracked. The stem is light gray, thin, slightly curved.
- Spotted row... The spread, mucus-covered cap has a small depression in the middle and is colored dirty brown. Dark brown spots and veins are clearly visible on its surface. The leg, wide at the base, repeats the color of the cap from below, and from above it is white.
- Tiger row... A distinctive feature is the characteristic dark gray spots on the light gray surface of the spread cap. The leg thickened from top to bottom is white.
How to distinguish edible from poisonous ryadovka
Each type of poisonous ryadovka has distinctive external features. You need to know these signs and be able to identify them visually.
Poisonous mushrooms have one thing in common. The pulp of inedible specimens changes color when interacting with air, that is, at a break, it acquires a different color.
Also, inedible mushrooms have a strong chemical odor. But it is not worth focusing on the aroma, since some conditionally edible tricholomas smell specifically.
Taste qualities of mushrooms
Many varieties have a specific powdery smell and taste, characteristic only of these mushrooms. Almost all rows are bitter to varying degrees. Many edible species boast excellent taste and do not have a bitter taste.
Collection rules
It is better to collect autumn edible ryadovki mushrooms in a company with more experienced mushroom pickers, observing the collection rules:
- you can not take mushrooms, the edibility of which you doubt;
- do not take spoiled, old copies;
- move slowly using a stick to find mushrooms;
- take breathable wicker baskets and baskets as containers, but not plastic bags and buckets;
- wear comfortable shoes and closed clothing in the forest;
- put tubular mushrooms with their legs down, and in large ones, immediately cut off the cap and place separately;
- clean off the soil and dirt immediately and do not leave on the mushrooms;
- constantly monitor your movements, guided by the sun, a compass, so as not to get lost in the forest.
If there was a long period without rain, then going for mushrooms is useless. Only after a good rain in warm weather will the “quiet hunt” be productive.
How to cook ryadovka mushrooms
Preparing edible rows begins by removing dirt and debris with paper towels. Then you need to get rid of the bitterness. To do this, before heat treatment, they are soaked, periodically changing the water for 12 hours.
Rows can be preserved by salting or pickling. Boil the mushrooms before salting. For 1 kg of boiled mushrooms, 4 finely chopped horseradish leaves are taken, 5 garlic cloves are cut into plates, 10 pcs. peppercorns and 2 tbsp. salt. Salted mushrooms and spices are placed in a barrel or other container in layers.The first and last layers should be spices. Keep under oppression for 3 days at room temperature, and then put away in a cool place.
The ryadovka pickled mushrooms are closed for the winter in sterile jars.
There are several ways to dry the rows:
- hang mushrooms strung on threads around the room with dry air;
- in an electric dryer, microwave oven, oven, oven;
- in the sun, spread out in a thin layer.
Drying rules:
- do not dry in damp rooms,
- use only mushrooms that are free of mold,
- do not dry at temperatures above 40 ° С,
Symptoms and signs of row poisoning
The first signs of poisoning appear within 1-3 hours after eating. The symptoms are as follows:
- profuse salivation;
- weakening;
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea;
- sharp and severe stomach pain;
- headache;
- excessive sweating;
- dizziness;
- temperature increase;
- tinnitus;
- drowsiness;
- in severe cases, disorientation and loss of consciousness.
First aid for poisoning by rows
Competently provided first aid can save a person poisoned by mushrooms or reduce the effects of intoxication. In case of poisoning, the following procedure must be followed:
- Flush the stomach with plenty of water. It is better to use a weak manganese solution with complete dissolution of the manganese particles. The patient should drink in small sips at short intervals. After that, induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue. Repeat the procedure at least four times. If there is no potassium permanganate, then use a warm solution of sodium chloride (0.5 tsp per 1 liter of water).
- After gastric lavage, give the patient a double dose of one of the adsorbing drugs: Eneterosgel, Polysorb, Filtrum or activated carbon at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of human weight.
- Allow the intestines to clear. If there is no diarrhea, then take a laxative.
- Put the patient to bed, cover with a blanket, put heating pads on the limbs.
- Often drink strong sweet black tea or chamomile decoction to the poisoned person.
Conclusion
To be able to distinguish between edible and poisonous ryadovka mushrooms, it is not enough just theoretical knowledge about various species characteristics. It is advisable that a more experienced mushroom picker clearly shows what edible and inedible specimens are. You need to be able to provide first aid in case of poisoning, in order to help yourself and others to avoid serious consequences in case of intoxication.
