Content
When raising pets, you need to know that from time to time they get sick with infectious diseases. Cattle especially often suffer from parasite bites in spring and autumn. One of the diseases - babesiosis of cattle, if you do not take care of prevention, can lead to the death of animals and a decrease in the productivity of the herd.
What is piroplasmosis
Cattle suffers from pyroplasmosis, or babesiosis, almost all over the world. In some sources, the disease is called Texas fever. The causative agent is bigeminun pyroplasm, which is localized in erythrocytes. Parasites can be pear-shaped, oval, amoeba-shaped, annular in shape.
The causative agent of bovine babesiosis enters the blood of a cow through the bite of infected ticks. One erythrocyte contains 1-4 parasites, sometimes more. At the beginning of the disease, there are only single pathogens, then their number increases significantly.
The viability of cattle pyroplasm is preserved in the blood; outside this liquid, it dies after 2 days. The causative agent is capable of rapidly infecting the erythrocytes of the brain, kidneys, and blood vessels. If you do not start timely treatment, then the defeat can be from 40 to 100%.
Disease spread
As a rule, cattle get sick with babesiosis (piroplasmosis) in places where there are large numbers of ticks (carriers of pathogens). They are found not only in the Russian Federation, but also in other countries. Outbreaks of piroplasmosis are recorded from time to time in the south of Russia:
- in Crimea;
- in the North Caucasus;
- in Transcaucasia;
- in the Voronezh and Kursk regions;
- in the Central Asian republics.
The main vector of bovine babesiosis is the single-host mite Boophilus calcaratus. Depending on the region, the insect gives 2-3 generations. That is why there may be as many outbreaks of pyroplasmosis in cattle. The disease begins in early spring (April-May), summer (June), autumn (early August).
Animals that live in a certain area from birth are easier to tolerate babesiosis, since they develop immunity. But imported livestock may die. Old and tired cows are more difficult to tolerate the disease. If animals are pregnant, they often have a spontaneous abortion.
To eradicate the source of cattle pyroplasmosis, natural pastures must be treated with special preparations.
An outbreak is when a pathogen infects more cattle in a particular geographic area at a particular time of the year. If you do not start working on the treatment of animals, the disease can spread to other regions and even countries. The duration of an outbreak of piroplasmosis can last from several days to several years.
If at least one case of an infectious disease is recorded in a region that is not typical of this area, this is also considered an outbreak, which must be reported to the appropriate veterinary services. They will examine the sick animal and take the necessary measures.
Symptoms of piroplasmosis
It is not so easy to determine the disease of cattle with piroplasmosis (babesiosis) at the initial stage. The fact is that the infection has a long incubation period (10-15 days), during which the number of erythrocytes affected by the pathogen increases significantly. This aggravates further treatment.
When the incubation period ends, an acute form of pyroplasmosis of cattle begins in young animals or adults of the herd, you need to correctly identify the symptoms and start timely treatment:
- Babesiosis-infected cattle begin to lose their appetite, but the animals have a high need for water.
- In cows and calves, body temperature rises sharply to 42 degrees, which is not so easy to bring down.
- In animals affected by bovine babesiosis, weakness is observed, which can be determined by a decrease in movement speed, since the cows lie down for a longer time. It is very difficult to raise them, since the appearance of the owner of the cow and calves, who have become ill with pyroplasmosis, do not react.
- In a dairy herd with pyroplasmosis, milk production decreases or lactation stops altogether.
- Pregnant cows with bovine babesiosis can lose a calf.
- Due to the increase in pulsation, the heartbeat increases, heart problems may occur.
- Veterinarians, examining sick animals, note the enlarged blood vessels of the mucous membranes. They first become whitish, then yellowness appears in them. Acute pyroplasmosis of cattle is also characterized by mucosal hemorrhages.
- It is difficult for animals to keep their heads in their usual state.
- Often cows and calves with babesiosis have watery eyes.
- The causative agent of cattle piroplasmosis is capable of disrupting the work of the intestines in cattle. Animals have constipation or loose stools.
- Changes occur in urine: it first turns pink, then becomes dark red. The color is due to the high content of destroyed erythrocytes.
- Cattle babesiosis also affects other internal organs: kidneys, liver.
If timely treatment is not started, then adult cows or calves weaken, and after extensive cerebral hemorrhage, as a rule, they die. Mortality from piroplasmosis can be 30-80%.
An autopsy allows you to understand what happened to the animals after infection with piroplasmosis:
- Connective intermuscular tissues, tendons, mucous membranes of dead animals turn yellow.
- The blood is not capable of clotting, as it is thinned.
- There is a strong increase in the spleen, kidneys, liver.
- In the bladder, the fluid is red.
- The gallbladder is filled with thick and viscous bile that cannot be released into the stomach.
- The heart muscle is most often increased by almost 2 times, pulmonary and cerebral edema is observed.
The course of the disease
To understand the essence of any disease, you need to know how it proceeds, what you need to pay attention to. As a rule, any pathogen has a certain incubation period, which then turns into an acute or chronic form.
The incubation period for the development of the disease
Piroplasmosis (babesiosis) of cattle begins from the incubation period. The stronger the immunity of an animal, the longer it is impossible to determine that it is sick. This period can last 10-15 days. Then comes the acute form.
Strong cows and gobies most often, if treatment for cattle piroplasmosis is started in a timely manner, survive, but weakened, emaciated, as a rule, die. The development of the disease does not depend on the breed and sex.
Particular attention should be paid to calves that have not yet turned 3 months old, since the symptoms of babesiosis are practically not observed in them. Young animals up to 1 year old are more susceptible to the causative agent of an infectious disease; if treatment is not started on time, no more than 50% of young animals survive.
Existing infections can aggravate the treatment and survival of cattle from piroplasmosis:
- brucellosis;
- leukemia;
- tuberculosis.
In these situations, the probability of cattle death increases several times.
How does the infection take place
The period in early spring, when livestock is driven out to pasture after winter sludge, coincides with the time when ticks wake up from hibernation. It is at this time that insects are especially actively waiting for prey. Clinging with their paws on the wool of cattle, ticks infected with babesiosis slowly move along the body of the animal, looking for a convenient place for a bite.
When the operation is performed, parasites enter the bloodstream from the infected tick along with the saliva. They immediately penetrate into erythrocytes and begin to multiply vigorously.
First, in each erythrocyte there are 1-4 pathogens of cattle pyroplasmosis, then their number increases sharply. The pests that appear in the blood cells along with them quickly move throughout the animal's body, affecting various internal organs, including the heart and blood vessels. As a result of the vital activity of pyroplasm, erythrocytes are destroyed.
Cattle infected with babesiosis during the incubation period and with an acute course of the disease continue to be sent to grazing. Repeated tick bites cannot be ruled out.
If even a healthy insect bites a cow, it will receive a share of pyroplasm and become dangerous. After feeding on the blood of animals, the ticks fall off and lay eggs. Next season, a new generation of ticks infected with cattle pyroplasmosis will appear.
Diagnostics
To make the necessary diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct a clinical and pathomorphological examination. To do this, blood is taken for analysis in cattle and examined for the presence of pyroplasm in erythrocytes. A quick diagnosis and timely treatment started will save the lives of the animals.
As a rule, destruction of 35-100% of erythrocytes is observed in cattle killed by pyroplasmosis.
Treatment of pyroplasmosis in cattle
Upon detection of symptoms of the disease or after receiving the results of a study for the presence of pyroplasm in erythrocytes, the animals must be separated from the rest of the herd. They will need enhanced and quality feeding. Also, animals are protected from stress, as they aggravate the development of the disease.
Power features
Clean water in cattle sick with babesiosis should be constantly. In addition, the cattle are fed with sour milk, various vitamins and microelements necessary for recovery are added. As a rule, veterinarians recommend copper sulfate, vitamin B12.
Treatment
Most often, ordinary livestock owners do not have veterinary knowledge, so there is no need to self-medicate animal babesiosis. After examination and blood tests, a specialist prescribes special drugs:
- Sterile Trypanblow solution. It is prepared in single doses and administered intravenously immediately after preparation. The dosage must be taken with care. The fact is that a large amount of the drug causes the rapid decay of parasites. But the decay product returns to the bloodstream and leads to intoxication of the body. According to the instructions for 1 kg of live weight of cattle, 0.005 g of "Trypanblow" is required for the animal to recover smoothly.
- Since piroplasmosis causes problems with the heart and digestive system, heart medications and laxative solutions are needed to restore them.
- Trypaflavin, Flavacridin. A 1% solution of drugs is calculated as follows: 0.004 g is sufficient for 1 kg of live weight.If the well-being of the cattle worsens, experts give an injection 2 times a day after 4 hours, inject the medicine intravenously.
- "Hemosporidin". This 2% solution is injected under the skin 2 times a day, then take a break for a day. For 1 kg of weight - 0.5 mg.
- "Piroplasmin" - 5% solution is used in the same way.
- "Azidine". This 7% solution is injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly. The dose per 1 kg of live weight is 3.5 ml.
- "Berenil". This medication is intended for administration to young animals or dairy cows. There is no negative effect on the mammary glands, milk can be drunk and given to calves, since the substance is excreted after 24 hours. A 7% solution is calculated as follows: for every 10 kg, 0.5 ml of the product is required. Injected under the skin or muscle.
Recovered cattle acquire non-sterile immunity, the duration of which is 4-12 months after treatment. Animals do not get sick again, as antibodies are formed in the blood.
Forecast
Owners of personal subsidiary plots or farms should use cultivated pastures for grazing animals that are free of ticks. If it becomes necessary to drive cattle to a new place where there is a possibility of babesiosis infection, then work should be planned for the winter period, when the insects are sleeping.
If the ferry is scheduled for the summer, then the animals must be treated 3 times with special acaricidal preparations with a break of 5 days. To do this, you can use:
- sevin;
- arsenic sodium;
- chlorophos.
As soon as an outbreak of piroplasmosis was noted, prophylactic injections are given to all animals on the farm. They are injected with "Berenil" or "Tripansin".
Amelioration and agrotechnical measures help to protect cattle from pyroplasmosis. It is also recommended to have several plots in order to graze cattle in one place for no more than a month.
Dogs and other farm animals that find themselves on a pasture infected with babesiosis can bring ticks on their fur, which will then crawl onto cows and calves.
Prevention measures
Since cattle piroplasmosis is a dangerous disease, mass destruction of animals can be avoided if prevention is carried out:
- If ticks are found on pastures, then there is no need to drive livestock on them. It is better to take advantage of the cultural areas where special treatment has been carried out.
- If it becomes necessary to move the herd to another pasture, then the skin of the animals should be treated with acaricidal preparations and introduced to the entire livestock, without exception, "Berenil".
- You need to change the pasture at least 21-30 days.
- Areas adjacent to the farm are treated with anti-mite drugs.
Mass infection of cattle with piroplasmosis can lead to death if appropriate preventive measures are not taken. And if the animals are sick, then treatment should be started from the moment the first symptoms are detected.
Is piroplasmosis dangerous for humans
Bovine babesiosis can occur in humans, but is very rare. It's all about different causative agents of the disease. Therefore, communicating with infected cows is not harmful:
- A person can safely clean stalls, clean animals, milk and feed.
- Dairy products are not dangerous either, since it is impossible to contract cattle babesiosis from them.
But since the treatment of cattle for babesiosis, it is necessary to limit the use of milk, since medications can adversely affect human health. As soon as the animal is cured, milk, sour cream, cottage cheese can be included in the diet.
Conclusion
Bovine babesiosis is an infectious disease that can lead to the death of animals.Unfortunately, the owners of private farmsteads do not have the opportunity to change grazing places or treat pastures with special preparations. Moreover, in recent years, ticks have significantly expanded their habitat.
That is why owners of private household plots are recommended to treat animals with acaricidal agents several times a season to prevent cattle from getting piroplasmosis (babesiosis). They can be purchased at veterinary pharmacies.
