Content
- 1 Physiology and pathology of cattle uterus
- 2 Prolapse of the uterus - causes and pathogenesis
- 3 Possible complications of uterine prolapse in a cow
- 4 How pathology manifests itself during calving, before and after it
- 5 What to do if a cow has a uterus
- 6 Proper preparation for calving and prevention of uterine prolapse
- 7 Conclusion
Prolapse of the uterus in a cow is a complex pathology of the reproductive system of an animal. The causes of the disease are varied, as well as the methods of treatment. How the prolapse of the uterus in cows after calving looks like can be seen in the photo.
Physiology and pathology of cattle uterus
The uterus in cattle is a hollow organ that performs the function of protecting the developing fetus. Consists of 3 main sections - the body of the uterus with 2 horns and the cervix. The neck is closed in a healthy state. It opens during calving or with any pathology. Consists of several layers - inner, outer and intermediate. The neck reaches 12 cm in length, the body of the uterus is twice as short. The horns are an extension of the uterus.
The uterus changes depending on the physiological state of the cow. For example, during pregnancy, it can increase up to 20 times. In the first half of pregnancy, the walls of muscle fibers thicken significantly, and in the second half, due to the fetus, the horns are stretched. During this period, the uterus is prepared for the full development of the calf. After birth, the uterus of a healthy animal quickly recovers and returns to normal. But with illiterate obstetrics, some mistakes in the diet, a large calf, various pathologies can develop.
Diseases of the uterus of inflammatory etiology
The uterus is a very sensitive organ to various stimuli, so inflammation after calving is common.
Inflammatory processes are subdivided depending on the affected layer. More often endometritis is observed, less often myometritis and perimetritis.
Pathology can occur in both chronic and acute forms. Contributes to the development of the inflammatory process, infection during childbirth, a large fetus, delayed afterbirth, as well as organ prolapse. Basically, the blame for a sick animal lies with the farmer, who often neglects sanitary standards and introduces pathogenic microflora with his hands and tools.
It happens that the infection occurs even before the birth of the calf during pregnancy, after abortion. The body of the cow is very susceptible to infections with reduced immunity. This happens when the farmer does not provide the animal with quality food and appropriate housing conditions. In a cow with a weakened immune system, the uterus after calving is not able to actively contract and cannot be released from the placenta in time. Over time, this causes endometritis.
Violation of the position of the cattle uterus - twisting, bending, volvulus
Twisting of the uterus in cows is the rotation of the pregnant uterus or horn around the axis by 180 degrees or more. The main causes of pathology are fast, abrupt movements of the animal, grazing on steep slopes, and a long drive to pastures. With such a pathology, the cow shows anxiety, often she has no appetite, there is rapid breathing and heartbeat.Rectal examination shows that one of the ligaments of the uterus is relaxed, while the other is tense. During childbirth, the fetus does not come out, although there are attempts.
With a slight twist, the uterus can be easily corrected. In the case of complete twisting, as a rule, the fetus dies, the condition of the cow deteriorates sharply.
The bending of the uterus in a cow occurs due to its displacement under the pubic bones of the pelvis. This arrangement of the organ makes it difficult for the fetus to move during childbirth. To help the cow, she is piled first on her side and then on her back. This position of the cow allows the fetus to take the correct position.
The inversion of the uterus in the cow is eliminated by turning the animal around the body axis. With a right-sided turn - to the right, left-sided to the left. Sometimes you can unwind the uterus along with the fetus by hand inserting it into the cervix. If these manipulations are ineffective, then a cesarean section is indicated.
Prolapse of the uterus - causes and pathogenesis
Uterine prolapse in cows is a complex pathology. The disease is associated with the development of all kinds of complications.
The prolapse is characterized by bleeding, swelling, excessive looseness of the organ. The color of the fallen uterus gradually darkens, the surface is covered with wounds and cracks. Often this pathology of the uterus is accompanied by prolapse of the bladder and rectum. Most often, prolapse occurs after childbirth, since at this moment the neck is open, and this makes it easier for the organ to get out. The main reason for the loss is the flabbiness of the muscle fibers, which occurs for a number of reasons:
- improper care of a cow during pregnancy;
- lack of daily exercise of the animal;
- illiterate help during calving (quick extraction of the calf);
- rapid childbirth;
- tilt of the floor, in which the body of the animal is in the wrong position.
The prolapse of the uterus in a cow can be seen in the video:
Diseases that lead to pathology
Diseases that can cause loss are varied. These are infections that occur during pregnancy, complications of the postpartum period, multiple pregnancies. Often the prolapse of the uterus in a cow provokes dropsy of the membranes.
During the dry period, when the cow is overfed with succulent fodder, her belching and chewing gum disappear. Accordingly, this leads to stagnation of food in the rumen, excessive accumulation of food and gases occurs, under the pressure of which there is a risk of calving with complications.
Another disease affecting calving is hypocalcemia. Improper feeding during the dry period in the cow's body decreases the level of calcium. It also provokes loss, as calcium affects the condition of the muscular system.
With dropsy (polyhydramnios), too much fluid forms in the placenta. This happens with multiple pregnancies.
Vaginal prolapse
Often in the second half of pregnancy, closer to calving, vaginal prolapse occurs outside the vulva.
The main causes of the pathology are relaxation of the ligaments that fix the genitals, increased intra-abdominal pressure, poor nutrition, the age of the cow, and multiple pregnancy. In case of incomplete prolapse, part of the vaginal wall protrudes. The mucous membrane is edematous, bright pink in color. Initially, this manifests itself only in the supine position, but then the mucous membrane is no longer retracted in the standing position.
With complete prolapse of the vagina, a mucous mass of red appears. The neck is partially visible, venous stasis develops very quickly, in which the mucous membranes turn blue and swell. They are easy to injure, wounds appear. Predictions for complete loss are dubious.
In case of vaginal prolapse, a solution of novocaine is injected into the epidural area.Then the vulva, perineum, and the base of the tail are carefully treated. Sutures are placed on the vulva, and the cow is positioned with an incline towards the head to relieve pressure in the pelvic region. After the reduction and strengthening of the vagina, anesthesia is performed. The stitches are removed before calving.
Possible complications of uterine prolapse in a cow
If it is not possible to correct the prolapsed uterus for any reason, it should be amputated. More often indications for amputation can be gangrene, ruptures, wounds.
Before the operation, anesthesia is performed, the uterus is treated with a disinfectant solution. It is better to bandage it tightly to avoid unnecessary contamination. Next, you need to apply a ligature. Swelling of the pathological uterus will not allow it to be done quickly, so you need to tighten it in several steps, with intervals of 5 minutes. As the tightening progresses, the fluid leaves the edematous tissues, the thickness of the organ wall decreases significantly. After the final fixation of the ligature at some distance from it, the uterus is cut off, the stump is cauterized and processed, and sutures are also applied. Then the stump is inserted into the vagina.
In the postoperative period, it is necessary to douch with a disinfectant solution that flushes out exudate. In the first days after the operation, the cow is given wet feed mixtures with the addition of laxative salts. After removal of the uterus, the cow may develop endometritis, metritis, parametritis, complicated by sepsis.
After recovery, the cow is fattened and sent to slaughter.
How pathology manifests itself during calving, before and after it
Uterine prolapse during calving is characterized by a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The attempts become strong, together with the calf the uterus falls out.
It happens that this pathology occurs after calving, but no later than 12 hours. The reasons for late loss are the same: infections, improper walking or its complete absence, gross violations of feeding and care, the absence of juicy feed, vitamin and mineral supplements in the feed rations, unqualified assistance at the hotel. It happens that the loss occurs 2 days after calving. This is facilitated by an incompletely closed neck.
Loss before calving is rare. Possible reasons are weakening of muscle tissue, too young or old age of the cow, infectious diseases, multiple births, early labor.
In all cases, the pathology manifests itself in the same way: the uterus protrudes and it turns outward.
What to do if a cow has a uterus
There are clear instructions regarding this pathology. First of all, after calving, it is not necessary to leave the animal, as it may fall out even after a successful process.
Treatment methods are divided into first aid to the cow and subsequent reduction.
First aid
As soon as the cow has a loss, the animal needs to be given first aid. This is a rather unpleasant sight, but it is important not to panic and tune in to help.
You must immediately call a veterinarian, and before his arrival, you need to help the cow yourself. It is advisable to remove all unnecessary around, try to place the animal with its head below the croup. It is important to disinfect the floors in the room, prepare antiseptics, warm water with a solution of potassium permanganate, disposable syringes and droppers, clean towels and sterile tissues.
The uterus is washed with a solution of manganese, freeing it from the placenta. If there are wounds on the surface, you need to cauterize them with hydrogen peroxide to avoid infection. The cleanly washed uterus is placed on a sterile tissue. Then you can proceed to reposition the organ.
Reduction of the uterus - the order and nuances of the procedure
After removing the placenta, you need to wash the cow's uterus with a 40% glucose solution to relieve swelling. Then, in the middle of the turned out part, a hand is inserted, folded into a fist, and the organ is set back into the body.This process is laborious, often a prolapsed uterus can weigh more than 15 kg. The procedure must be carried out by 2-3 specialists. After the organ is repositioned inward, the mucous membrane is leveled so that it takes its place, smoothed by hand. You often have to keep it inside for about 40 minutes.
To prevent the uterus from falling out again, it must be fixed. Usually, special devices are used for fixation - pessaries. The pessary is an invention from the field of obstetrics made of silicone or plastic. This method prevents re-falling out. Various modifications are known, but all have a serious drawback: a foreign body strongly irritates the vaginal mucosa. This contributes to increased pushing, sometimes it leads to the rupture of the vagina. Many farmers use a soccer ball camera inserted into the animal's vagina and inflated with air, but this method significantly restricts the urethra. Sometimes it is enough to suture the vulva, this gives the best result. To increase the tone, a little cold disinfectant is poured into the cavity.
If foci of necrosis are seen, then the cow's organ should be amputated.
How to treat a pre-calving cow with uterine prolapse
If the cow's uterus crawled out before calving, then you can try to save the calf, if by this time it has already formed. Otherwise, they act according to the same scheme as in case of loss during calving - by reduction or amputation.
Proper preparation for calving and prevention of uterine prolapse
Before calving, it is necessary to stop lactation in the cow. To do this, each time it is slightly underfilled, leaving the milk in the udder. Thus, they gradually switch to milking once a day, then every other day. So lactation stops, the animal's body is rebuilt to prepare for calving.
During this period, the cow's diet should be reviewed. It is transferred to hay, the amount of water drunk is reduced, and a week before calving, it is transferred to fodder. They stop grazing the animal and transfer the cow to a separate stall, prepared in advance and disinfected.
The first signs of calving include:
- sagging belly several weeks before calving;
- from the sides of the tail, the ligaments weaken;
- immediately before calving, the pelvic bones diverge;
- the udder, genital fissure swells;
- a sulfuric plug is released from the vagina.
During contractions, the cow is very nervous, especially if this is the first calving. She often gets up and lies down again, constantly looking back. In uncomplicated pregnancy and childbirth, as a rule, the animal does not need human help, but during the first calving, the presence of a veterinarian is mandatory.
To prevent lunge after calving, it is extremely important to provide the animal with quality feed, vitamins and mineral supplements. Prevention of diseases during pregnancy should be carried out in time, and regular walking of the animal should be ensured.
During calving, you need to carry out competent obstetrics. If a possible prolapse is suspected, a bag of warm sand is applied to the lumbosacral region to reduce attempts to reduce the pressure, and the walls of the vagina are treated with a solution of novocaine. Antibiotics are used to prevent the onset of endometritis and sepsis.
During pregnancy, the cow should be positioned in the stall so that the rear is slightly raised. The passageway in the stall should be narrow so that she cannot change position.
Conclusion
Prolapse of the uterus in a cow is a complex pathology during calving. As a rule, the prognosis is rather sad. This pathology is much easier to prevent than to cure. A healthy cow is a merit of the farmer.
