Content
- 1 General description of blueberries
- 2 When blueberries begin to bear fruit
- 3 When and how blueberries are harvested
- 4 What can be made from blueberries
- 5 Conclusion
Blueberry is a perennial berry plant of the Vaccinium genus (lingonberry), of the Heather family. In Russia, other names for the species are also common: dove, waterhouse, gonobel, fool, drunkard, titmouse, lochina, tibunitsa. Blueberries grow in the wild, grown in small garden plots, as well as in specialized farms on an industrial scale. Next, a description will be given of common blueberries and other varieties of culture.
General description of blueberries
Swamp blueberries are close to other fruit and berry crops of the Vaccinium genus - lingonberry, cranberry, blueberry. These are shrubs, semi-shrubs and shrubs with erect or creeping branches, creeping rhizome, juicy blue berries, the life expectancy of the plant is 90-100 years.
The origin of blueberries
According to research by scientists, the lingonberry family has an ancient origin. Fossil remains of some species, including blue blue, have been found in continental deposits dating back to the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era - 63 million years BC. The genus was distributed in western Europe, Africa, North and South America, Asia. Later, he migrated and changed, adapting during growth to new climatic conditions.
Why were blueberries named blueberries
The Russian name "blueberry" comes from the color of the berries. They are very similar to blueberries, but are lighter in color and do not contain coloring juice. Interestingly, in English the word "blueberry" also denotes blueberries and lingonberries.
Varieties
There are about 200 types of crops in the world, including industrial varieties and hybrids. The most common ones are:
- Swamp blueberry, or ordinary (Vaccinium uliginosum), the most common species in Eurasia and North America. The bushes are 30-90 cm high. The densely branched root system is located in the upper layer of the soil. The plant develops short underground shoots, from which new aerial shoots grow, forming a bush.
- Forest blueberry or gonobel - shrub up to 50 cm, with bluish-blue, obovate leaves, white or pink flowers, round or pear-shaped berries. Grows in deciduous and coniferous forests, mountain and shrub tundra, near peat bogs. The area covers the middle zone, the Far East, the Urals, Siberia and the Caucasus.
- Volcanic Vaccinium vulcanorum - an oceanic species found in Kamchatka, in the Magadan region, along the entire coast of the Sea of Okhotsk up to Cape Dezhnev. Grows on volcanic plateaus, scree, fine gravel, deciduous woodlands, meadow tundra. Small shrub up to 15 cm tall with open or erect shoots. A characteristic difference is the presence of last year's wilted leaves on the bush. The berries ripen in late August or early September.
- Narrow-leaved (Vaccinium angustifolium) - undersized bush, 5-70 cm, with rounded toothed leaves, cylindrical white flowers, small berries of bright blue color. Grows in the mountains of eastern Canada, in the northwestern United States, found on rocky soils, the outskirts of swamps. Shoots grow obliquely to the surface of the ground, which allows the plant to take shelter even under a small layer of snow and survive harsh winters. Easily tolerates the vagaries of the weather. The yield per bush reaches 1.5 kg. The berries ripen early - in late June or early July.
- Tall or shield (Vaccinium corymbosum) - characterized by variability of characters. The height of the bush is 1-4 m, the shoots are slightly ribbed, the leaves are large, shiny, smooth. The flowers are white or pale pink, the berries are large, the color varies from blue to black. Distributed in wetlands and humid forests in the United States.
- Eshie's blueberry, or twig-shaped, or Rabbit's eye (Vaccinium ashei), - common in the southeastern United States. Reaches 9 m in height, forms dense thickets due to abundant root growth. It is thermophilic, tolerates drought and heat well. Small berries are inferior in taste to other species and cultivars.
- South (Vaccinium australe small) - bushes from 1 to 3 m in height, leaves are large, entire or toothed, elliptical in shape. Shoots are slightly ribbed, light brown or red. The flowers are white, the berries are blue. It grows mainly on the Atlantic coast of North America.
Garden (Vacciniumcorymbosum) blueberry unites more than fifty cultivated varieties, bred in the twentieth century by crossing wild varieties:
- Canadian;
- southern;
- Ashie;
- tall species native to the United States.
Shrubs of various garden varieties grow up to 2-4 m in height, are characterized by high yields, berries appear 2-5 years after planting. With proper care, garden varieties bear fruit abundantly for 30 years.
What does blueberry look like?
Blueberry is a strongly branched deciduous shrub. Erect branches are cylindrical in shape. Young - green, mature - covered with brownish or dark gray bark. Leaves are small, 0.7-3 cm long, 0.4-2.4 cm wide, smooth, leathery, with purple glands, on short petioles. The shape ranges from elliptical to lanceolate. Leaves can be blunt at the end or pointed, sometimes have edges slightly curved downward. They are dark green above, lighter below, covered with a gray waxy bloom. Berries are spherical, pear-shaped or oblong, 9-12 mm in diameter, thin-skinned. The color can be blue, blue, black with a gray waxy bloom. The greenish fleshy juicy pulp of the berries has a pleasant sweet-sour or sugary-sweet taste, contains 10-13 small light brown seeds located in 4-5 multi-seeded nests.
How blueberries grow
Under natural conditions, blueberries grow in the tundra zone, on bogs, in forests, in the mountains. It adapts to a wide variety of soil and environmental conditions: it can grow on very poor soils, in swampy and relatively arid places. It tolerates insufficient lighting well, but bears fruit better in sunny areas. On garden plots, it is planted in well-lit, sheltered from the wind, on acidic soils.
How blueberries grow in the forest is shown in the photo:
Where blueberries grow in Russia and in the world
In Russia, blueberries grow almost everywhere; on the map, the boundaries of its range cover the territories of the Far East, Primorye, Sakhalin, the Caucasus, the Kuril Islands, Eastern and Western Siberia, the non-black earth strip of the European part of the country (north and middle strip).Typical habitats are moss bogs, peat bogs, the banks of streams, lakes and rivers. The berry shrub can grow in the tundra, in the mountains, and form undergrowth in swampy mixed and coniferous forests. Occupies a vast area covering Europe, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, North America and eastern Canada. Industrial cultivation of the crop annually expands the range of the species, including the subtropical regions of New Zealand, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Madagascar.
How blueberries bloom
Blueberry flowers - drooping, single or collected in inflorescences of 2-3 pcs., Are formed on the tops of annual shoots. Pedicels are long, bracts are uneven, filmy, greenish. Small white or pale pink flowers have a pitcher-bell-shaped shape, represent a corolla with a limb of 4-5 short obtuse teeth. The calyx consists of 4-5 rounded sepals. The shrub blooms in temperate latitudes in May-June, in the tundra in July-August for 10 days. The berries ripen 1.5 months after flowering.
Some facts about garden blueberries
Garden blueberries in Russia are often called garden blueberries or blueberry trees. All garden varieties are native to North America - the eastern United States and Canada. Work on the domestication of wild, tall varieties began in the 1900s. Currently, in the United States, about 1000 hectares have been allocated for the cultivation of highly productive varieties of the plant, agricultural cultivation techniques, methods of combating diseases and pests have been developed. The cultivation of garden varietal blueberries requires some knowledge, it should be borne in mind that it:
- very demanding on soil and lighting;
- has a high resistance to drought, frost, diseases and pests;
- the average yield is about 10 kg of berries per bush;
- needs generous watering and regular feeding during the entire growth period;
- bears fruit in clusters of 5-12 berries;
- to obtain large fruits of high quality, it is necessary to carry out anti-aging pruning every 8-10 years;
- an important distinctive feature is the friendly return of the crop;
Berries from blueberries grown on plantations are harvested both by hand and with the help of special devices.
Description of garden blueberry
Garden or American blueberry is a perennial deciduous shrub 2-4 m in height and crown diameter. Does not form underground shoots, terminal young shoots are formed on last year's growth. The leaves of garden varieties are large, oval, smooth, dark green in spring, scarlet in autumn. The berries are colored in various shades of blue, rounded flattened, sometimes pentahedral. The pulp of the fruit is juicy, white, tastes sweeter than that of wild species.
Frost resistance of blueberries
Dove is a relatively hardy plant. The lower the bush, the better it tolerates negative temperatures. With sufficient snow cover, frost up to -45 ˚С does not harm wild-growing varieties. Horticultural crops are less adapted to cold weather, frost resistance indicators fluctuate depending on the variety. Semi-high varieties are able to withstand frosts down to - 35 ˚С, high ones - up to - 25 ˚С. The danger for the plant is frost in a snowless winter, therefore, bushes of garden varieties at temperatures below zero must be covered.
Self-pollinated blueberries or not
Blueberries are self-infertile and require cross-pollination. Several bushes should be planted on the site at the same time. Pollinators are insects - bees, bumblebees, butterflies, ants. Many garden hybrids are self-pollinating plants, but cross-pollination increases the yield of the bush and the quality of the berries.
What plants are blueberries friendly with
Blueberries can easily tolerate any neighborhood. It is favorable to plant plants next to it, which also prefer to grow on acidic soils - cranberries, barberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cherries.Good neighbors are conifers, heathers, birch, oak, alder, wild rosemary. Most often, several berry bushes of the same variety are planted nearby. It is preferable to plant herbaceous plants next to garden blueberries that will not shade the bush.
When blueberries begin to bear fruit
Wild blueberry species begin to bloom and bear fruit every year at the age of 11-18. From one bush, you can collect up to 200 g of berries. When grown in garden conditions, the plant begins to bear fruit for 4-5 years and gives up to 1 kg of berries from a bush.
When garden blueberries bear fruit
Garden blueberries begin to bear fruit 2-4 years after planting. The ripening time of berries depends on the variety:
- early maturing - July;
- mid-season - July-August;
- late - end of August and September.
When forest blueberries ripen
Under natural conditions, the berry ripens 40-50 days after flowering - in late July and early August. Wild blueberries do not mature well, this process takes 2-3 weeks. The suitability of the fruit for collection is determined by its sweetness. Berries do not yet taste good immediately after dyeing. After a week, the sugar content in the pulp increases, the mass of the fruit increases.
When and how blueberries are harvested
Blueberries ripen in the second half of July, they are harvested after 1 week. Unripe fruits have sufficient firmness for transport, but do not have a harmonious taste. At the same time, it is important not to be late in picking berries: overripe, they fall from the branches at the slightest touch. In addition, they become very fragile and easily damaged. Blueberries are harvested in dry weather, carefully removed from the branches, trying not to shake. Picking berries immediately after rain greatly shortens the shelf life; after 2 days, fungal deposits can form on them.
Timing of picking blueberries
The collection of blueberries starts in August. In the Moscow region, the Middle Lane, the harvest begins in the first decade of the month, in cold regions - from the second half of it. The berries on the bush ripen gradually, they are removed from the branches until the very frost. Fruits are harvested in several steps by hand or use a special comb (scoop).
Hand picking blueberries
It is best to pick blueberries without using any tools. The manual method of harvesting involves a minimum amount of damage to berries and branches. Its main drawback is low productivity. When picking, the berries must be removed immediately directly into specially prepared containers, which are placed under the bunch. Hands should be washed well before collection.
Blueberry pickers
In small garden plots or in the forest, a scoop with a comb is used to collect blueberries. This simple device allows you to speed up the process 3-4 times. You can buy it or make it. The branches pass through the teeth freely without being damaged, the berries, in turn, fall into the scoop.
For harvesting blueberries on an industrial scale, a mechanized method is more relevant. On large plantations, special equipment is used for the collection, cleaning, sorting and packaging of berries.
What can be made from blueberries
Blueberry is a berry with a pleasant taste, widely used for preparing a variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, confectionery, and desserts. Jam is made from it, jams, jellies, sweet syrups are made. Medicinal infusions are prepared from berries, shoots and leaves. Dove is used for diseases of the stomach and pancreas, for pathologies of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Regular consumption of blueberries helps to reduce blood pressure and sugar levels, improve intestinal motility, and saturate the body with vitamins.The fruits contain vitamins, micro- and macroelements, antioxidants and anthocyanins, which makes the product invaluable for dietary, therapeutic and restorative nutrition.
Conclusion
Blueberries grow almost all over the world. Its beautiful blue berries are tasty, healthy and beautiful. Garden varieties are thermophilic, high-yielding, and look decorative in any landscape composition. For many, picking wild berries is a pleasant pastime, a rewarding recreation. Every year in Russia it is becoming more and more popular to cultivate varietal "blueberries" on personal plots, in garden farms.
