Content
- 1 Are there false russules
- 2 What can be confused with russula
- 3 How to tell a false russula
- 4 Photos and descriptions of inedible russula
- 5 How to distinguish edible from inedible russula
- 6 Is it possible to get poisoned with russules
- 7 Symptoms and signs of russula poisoning
- 8 What to do if poisoned by poisonous russules
- 9 Conclusion
A large group of lamellar mushrooms is called russula. Among them there are edible and poisonous species. The russules that can be eaten are distinguished by good taste and ease of preparation. Inedible mushrooms are also found in nature, the appearance of which resembles beneficial varieties. The differences between these groups are clearly visible in the photo of edible and inedible russula.
Are there false russules
Russula are tasty and healthy representatives of the mushroom kingdom. They are appreciated for their taste, rich composition and versatile use. This group also includes species that are classified as inedible because of their bitter taste. Therefore, they are often called false, although they also belong to the genus Russula.
Other inedible species that have their own names are considered false russula. Most of these doubles are poisonous and deadly. Russula and false russules are similar in appearance to the structure of the fruiting body and color.
What can be confused with russula
False doubles have characteristics that distinguish them from edible mushrooms. Their pulp contains harmful toxins that can cause poisoning. In some cases, false mushrooms are fatal.
Death cap
Poisonous species with a bell-shaped or flat cap up to 11 cm in size. One of the most dangerous mushrooms for humans. Its color is white, light green, olive, gray. The leg is thin, up to 12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. There is a thickening at the base. The main difference between russula and pale toadstool is the different shape of the leg, the presence of a ring in the poisonous variety.
Amanita muscaria
Inedible lamellar mushroom with a large cap up to 20 cm in size. Its color is bright orange or red. White flakes are located on the surface. In a young mushroom, they are absent, which is the reason for the confusion with russula. Amanita's leg is higher, reaching 8 - 20 cm. The pulp of a false double is poisonous, causing poisoning and hallucinations.
Brown-yellow talker
A false inedible double with a cap measuring from 3 to 10 cm. Its shape is convex or depressed, with curved edges. Coloring - yellowish, ocher or orange. Narrow plates are often located. The leg is thin, up to 5 cm long, tapering towards the base. The fruit body is dense, light in color. Talker contains poisonous toxins.
Entoloma poisonous
The poisonous twin of russula, which, when ingested, causes severe intestinal upset. Its upper part is up to 20 cm in size, with a large tubercle, gray-brown or yellowish in color. The leg is dense, white, curved. This false double is distinguished by an unpleasant aroma; in young specimens, the smell is mealy.
Hebeloma sticky
An inedible poisonous twin, which is distinguished by a cap with a diameter of 3 to 10 cm. Its color is yellow-brown, in the center there is a darker tubercle. Sometimes gebeloma becomes brick-red. Its leg is long, thin, reaches a height of 3 - 10 cm. Gebeloma grows in groups under aspen, oak, birch trees, in glades and forest edges. It ripens from September to November.
Stropharia crown
A poisonous mushroom that looks like a russula in appearance. In young specimens, the conical cap gradually becomes flat. The surface is smooth, yellow, with plates of a darker color, flakes are located along its edges. The size of the upper part is 2 - 8 cm. The leg is cylindrical and tapers towards the base. Stropharia is inedible and dangerous to humans. It grows singly or in rare groups on plains and meadows.
Lazy webcap
False double of russula with a small cap up to 7 cm in diameter. Its shape is slightly convex or prostrate. There are red or orange scales on the surface. The pulp of the mushroom is dense, inedible, yellowish, with an unpleasant odor. The leg is short and thick, up to 6 cm long. The webcap is found in September and October, in wet areas, under birches and pines.
Mycena pink
Mycena is a poisonous mushroom that looks like a russula. Its cap is small, up to 6 cm in size, bell-shaped or flat. The fruit body is smooth, pink in color, with a pungent odor. The leg is thin, up to 10 cm long. The false twin bears abundant fruit from July to November. Often grows under beech or oak, singly or in small groups.
How to tell a false russula
To distinguish a false russula from a real one, you need to know the characteristics of each species. Most often, edible species are confused with fly agarics and toadstools. These poisonous mushrooms are most common in Russia.
Amanita is distinguished from a russula by white plates, an extended stem near the base, and the presence of a white ring. In this case, the upper part of the false double is more convex.
The greatest danger is the pale grebe, which belongs to the poisonous category. The differences between mushrooms lie in the structure of the fruiting body. In the russula, the leg is cylindrical, while in the toadstool it is thinner and longer, has veins and a ring. You can tell a russula from a toadstool by its hat. The false double has a film under it.
Photos and descriptions of inedible russula
Russula unite a large group, among which there are poisonous species. The pulp of inedible mushrooms contains toxins. Because of them, the product has a bitter taste and disrupts the stomach.
Inedible russula varieties:
- Meira, or noticeable... It differs in a hat measuring 3 - 9 cm, has a blood red color. With age, it becomes pinkish. Its plates are frequent, grow to the leg. They are whitish or light beige in color. The leg is cylindrical, strong, white. It has a fruity aroma and a very pungent taste. The species belongs to the inedible category due to its bitter taste. When eating raw mushrooms, signs of poisoning appear.
- Kele... Poisonous red russula, which is identified by the color of the cap. The color of this mushroom representative is dark, with a purple or cherry tint. The variety is found in coniferous forests. The hat is 5 to 10 cm in size, fleshy, with a shiny surface. In older specimens, its edges curl upward. Thin, white plates gradually take on a yellow tint. The leg also has a purple tint. Dense, fleshy flesh becomes more brittle with age. The Kele variety grows singly or forms small groups. The aroma of the mushroom is pleasant, fruity. The Kele russula tastes pungent, so it is classified as an inedible variety.
- Stinging... In young representatives of this species, a convex hat with ribbed edges gradually turns into a prostrate and bumpy one. The shiny skin becomes sticky in rainy weather. The color of the cap is from pale pink to deep red. They have white or yellowish spots on the surface. The spongy flesh has a fruity or pungent aroma. Russula is referred to as false because of its pungent taste.
- Sardonyx, or yellowing... In this variety, the cap has a size of 4 to 10 cm. Its color is red with a brown or purple tint, sometimes greenish. The plates are frequent, bright yellow. The pulp is strong, yellowish, with a pungent taste. The species is classified as inedible due to its bitter taste. It grows under a pine tree, is distinguished by its late appearance. When exposed to ammonia, the russula acquires a red tint.
- False blushing... According to the photo and description, the false russula is distinguished by a convex and outstretched cap. There is a depression in the center. The color is purple with lilac and brown undertones. There are pronounced grooves along the edges of the cap. The pulp is white-red, with a bitter aftertaste. False russula grows in groups in spruce and pine forests.
- Blood red... A representative of this species has a convex or flat cap measuring from 4 to 10 cm. Its color is rich, bright red, wine. The leg is cylindrical, with a red tint. The pulp is pungent in taste, which puts the variety in the inedible category. Raw mushrooms cause poisoning, which is why they are often considered false russula.Attention! Blood-red russula are found in Eurasia, North America, Australia. They prefer coniferous and mixed forests, where they form mycorrhiza with pines.
- Bilious... An inedible species with a bitter taste. Its hat is 4 - 10 cm in size, yellow in color, sometimes has a beige tint. The skin becomes sticky at high humidity. Rare plates grow to the stem. The pulp is white with a floral scent. There is a bile variety in the southern regions of Europe, usually mycelium forms a symbiosis with beech, oak, conifers.
- Breaking... These medium-sized mushrooms with a cap up to 6 cm in size have a variety of colors: with a pale purple, gray, greenish or yellow tint. Their skin is slimy, easily removable. In adult specimens, the stem is cylindrical, fragile, and yellowish. White or beige flesh with a sweet smell, tends to crumble. The variety is considered inedible due to its bitter, pungent taste.
How to distinguish edible from inedible russula
All russula have common features. Young specimens have a ball or bell-shaped hat. Later, it becomes flat or funnel-shaped. Its edges remain curled or straight. Dry skin sometimes cracks. The leg is flat, cylindrical, sometimes more thickened near the base.
To recognize russula among inedible varieties, pay attention to the structure and color of the fruiting body. Specimens with whitish, green and yellow caps have the best taste.
Inedible specimens are determined by the following criteria:
- bright color of the cap, the predominant shade is red;
- dense pulp that changes color when heated;
- rough plates;
- sharp unpleasant odor;
- homogeneous pulp, not damaged by worms.
Such characteristics may also be present in edible species. One way to spot a false specimen is to taste a small piece. If a burning sensation appears in the mouth, such a russula is left in the forest. This method is safe for health if you do not swallow the pulp and rinse your mouth with water. The unpleasant sensations will disappear within 5 to 20 minutes.
Difficulties arise with how to distinguish between edible and inedible red russula. The food variety has the greatest value. It is characterized by a dull color of the cap with brown, wine, greenish and brown undertone. The leg and flesh are strong, white in color. This species differs from inedibles in a pleasant mushroom aroma and nutty flavor.
Is it possible to get poisoned with russules
Most false russules taste bitter. Even after boiling, stewing, frying and other processing, such a product cannot be eaten. The most dangerous are inedible twins, in which toxins remain in the pulp even after heat treatment.
Poisoning with false russules occurs in the following cases:
- improper product handling;
- the pulp contains heavy metal ions or other contaminants;
- exceeding the daily intake of mushrooms;
- long-term storage of the product;
- individual reaction of the body.
Before cooking, the russula is placed in clean cold water. They are kept for 5-6 hours. As a result, toxins harmful to human health are removed from the pulp. Water must be drained. Then the mass is placed in a saucepan for boiling. It is poured over with cold water and low heat is turned on. The minimum cooking time is 10 minutes.
Inedible russula mushrooms absorb metal ions, radionuclides and other contaminants. Such a product is hazardous to health. Therefore, for mushrooms they go to ecologically clean places. It is not recommended to collect them near highways and industrial facilities.
With excessive use of russula, signs of poisoning often appear: stomach pain, nausea, weakness. Therefore, it is important to observe the daily rate, which is 150 g per day. The product belongs to heavy food, therefore its use is limited.
After russula is included in the diet, an individual reaction may occur. The product is taken with caution in the presence of chronic diseases. If there are abnormalities in the work of the stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver and other organs, first consult a doctor.
Symptoms and signs of russula poisoning
The first signs of poisoning with a false russula appear within 30 minutes. Sometimes symptoms may appear later, after a few hours. It depends on the age, body weight of the person, the amount and type of mushrooms eaten.
Signs of poisoning with false russules:
- heaviness and sharp pain in the abdomen;
- a feeling of dryness and bitterness in the mouth;
- nausea and vomiting;
- high salivation;
- diarrhea.
In case of poisoning with false mushrooms, the victim feels weak throughout the body. Dizziness, headache, fever often appear. The body temperature decreases, with intoxication, liver cells are affected, blood pressure drops.
What to do if poisoned by poisonous russules
In case of poisoning with false russules, the victim is given first aid. First of all, it is necessary to remove hazardous substances from the body. To do this, gastric lavage is performed and sorbents are taken. Be sure to call an ambulance. In case of severe intoxication, treatment is carried out in a hospital under the supervision of a doctor.
Before the arrival of the doctor, the patient is given first aid:
- give more warm liquid;
- induce vomiting to empty the stomach;
- take activated charcoal, Polysorb or similar drugs;
- the victim is provided with bed rest.
Treatment of poisoning after eating false mushrooms takes several days. In severe cases, this process takes weeks. Compliance with a diet helps to speed up the recovery of the body. Exclude heavy foods from the diet. It is also necessary to drink more liquids: herbal tea or decoctions.
Conclusion
A photo of edible and inedible russula will help mushroom pickers find the differences between them. Beneficial mushrooms have special characteristics. It is important to know the external features of different types of russula. Among them, there are inedible specimens, which are characterized by a bitter taste. The greatest danger is represented by pale toadstools and other poisonous varieties of mushrooms.
