Hazelnuts (hazelnuts): planting and care in the open field

Cultivated varieties of hazel or hazelnuts, the care and cultivation of which has been practiced for thousands of years, are grown on an industrial scale in countries with a mild climate. In cold regions, they used to be content with smaller hazelnuts, which grow in abundance in clearings and forest edges throughout Europe, the Middle East and the Caucasus. In the second half of the 20th century, hazelnut varieties appeared that could bear fruit even in the Northwest.

Botanical description of hazel

Hazel (Corulus) or Hazel is a genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees belonging to the Birch family (Betulaceae). It consists of 20 species, 7 of which grow on the territory of the countries of the former Soviet Union. Large-fruited varieties of hazel are called hazelnuts, they are planted in private gardens and on industrial plantations as a nut crop. In nature, hazel grows in clearings or as undergrowth, forming rugged thickets.

The genus Hazel includes shrubs 2-7 m high or small trees up to 10 m with light wood, smooth bark and flexible branches. Depending on the type of crown, it can be spreading or compressed, compact. Hazel leaves are rather large, round or broadly oval, simple, serrated along the edge, often pubescent. The tip is sharp, and the veins are clearly expressed and depressed, which makes the surface appear corrugated.

All types of hazel are monoecious plants with heterosexual flowers. Male earrings are located in the axils of the leaves. They appear on hazel shoots grown in the current year in June-July, but do not bloom until the new season. Female inflorescences form in buds located on the sides or at the tops of annual branches, from which only pinkish pistils peep out.

Hazel flowering occurs in early spring, before the leaves open. Depending on the region, the nuts ripen from July to September. They can be spherical or elongated and brown in different shades - from almost yellow to dark chocolate. Nuts are surrounded by a cup-shaped bed - a plyuska; they grow singly or are connected in 2-5 pieces.

The culture bears fruit unevenly. Crop years alternate with seasons when there are very few nuts. Bushes of varietal hazelnuts and wild hazel grow strongly in breadth, it becomes difficult to care for them.Therefore, the average life of an industrial plantation is considered to be 75 years.

Popular species and varieties

Hazel is a nut-bearing genus of shrubs and trees, widespread in North America, Asia and Europe. Various species grow in warm climates and reach the Arctic Circle. Hazelnut, which is a cultivated large-fruited form of hazel, was previously planted mostly in southern countries and regions, but modern science has helped to develop new cold-resistant varieties.

Types of hazel

For domestic gardeners, hazel is of interest, growing in cool climates or used to create varieties of hazelnuts. Russia is the natural habitat of several species. All of them produce edible nuts and can be grown on industrial plantations and private gardens, some are endemic.

Common hazel or hazel

This type of hazel has a wide range - it grows in Italy and in the north of Norway, and it feels great in any climate. It is a deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub up to 5 m high. The hazel is distinguished by a light gray smooth bark and flexible branches, densely covered with large soft leaves pubescent on the back.

In the south, Leshchina vulgaris blooms in February, near St. Petersburg - from late April or early May. Spherical or oval, collected in 2-5 pieces, hidden in a large plyuska, brown nuts 18 mm long, up to 15 mm wide, ripen by August or September.

Hazel lives up to 90 years, from 1 hectare gives about 900 kg of fruits, is used in ornamental gardening. It is from the Common Hazel that most varieties of hazelnuts are bred.

Hazelnut or Lombard nut

This thermophilic species took part in the creation of many varieties of hazelnuts. Under natural conditions, Hazelnut Large grows in Southern Europe and Asia Minor, it feels great in the Crimea and Transcaucasia.

It is a tree-like shrub 3-10 m high with ash bark and reddish-green pubescent young shoots. Hazelnuts Large - cylindrical or oval, up to 2.5 cm long. Blossoms in March, nuts ripen by September.

Hazel Pontic

This thermophilic species was included in the list as the ancestor of most Turkish, Caucasian and southeast European hazelnut varieties. Pontic hazel is a shrub with rounded leaves and large flattened nuts, collected in 2-3 pieces, surrounded by a wide open plyusa. Grows up to 6 m.

Hazel-leaved

Widespread in the Far East, a multi-stemmed nut-fruiting shrub with a height of 1.5-2 m with an ovoid or spherical crown. Hazel tolerates shading, low temperatures and grows on different, including poor or dense, soils.

Nuts are round, flattened on top, with a thick skin, surrounded by a large velvety plyus, collected in 2-3 at the ends of young branches. Their diameter is about 1.5 cm. Hazel blooms in early spring, about a month before the leaves bloom, the nuts ripen in September.

Manchurian hazel

It is a shrub up to 4 m in height, common in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the Amur Region. Under natural conditions Manchurian hazel grows exclusively in the form of undergrowth. In culture, forms a tall shrub with erect branches and oval leaves. Hazel can withstand frosts down to -45 ° C.

Pointed nuts with a thin shell are surrounded by a tubular cuff, which is much larger than the size of the fruit. Hazel is harvested in September.

Hazel Tree or Bear Nut

It is a tree with a height of more than 20 m and a trunk with a diameter of about 50 cm. Some specimens of hazel can reach a height of 30 m and a thickness of 90 cm. It has a light bark and a narrow crown. Hazel tree-like is widespread in mountainous regions and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the upper reaches of the Kuban River.

It grows slowly, enters fruiting late, lives up to 200 years, rarely gets sick, but gives a meager harvest.Hazelnuts are collected in 3-8 pieces, flattened on the sides and have a very hard, thick skin. Pluck pubescent, large.

This species is of interest both as a timber-producing crop and as a breeding material. When crossed with common hazel and large-fruited hazelnuts, excellent varieties have been created that yield high-quality nuts.

Hazelnut varieties

Hazelnut is not a form of hazel, but a collective name for its large-fruited varieties. They differ in comparison with species with higher yields. Heat-loving varieties have been known for more than 2 thousand years. Recently, resistant to low temperatures have been created, which make it possible to grow hazelnuts in Central Russia and even in the North-West. There are forms with red and green leaves.

Circassian 2

Local Adyghe hazelnut variety, created in 1949. Adopted by the State Register in 1959, the originator was the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking.

This hazelnut ripens early, its resistance to pests, diseases, frost and drought is medium. The variety is grown in the North Caucasus region.

Hazelnuts form a strong, spreading bush, reaching a height of 4 m and a width of 6 m. Nuts for universal use are flattened, pointed, with an average weight of 1.6 g, with a large intact plyus and a thin brown shell.

Taste assessment 4.5 points, kernel yield 45.2%, hazelnut yield - up to 22.3 centners per hectare. The variety is recommended for industrial cultivation.

Kontorta

An ornamental variety isolated in 1860 by the English gardener Kenon Ellacombe from a randomly mutated common hazel bush. Further selection was aimed at consolidating the original shape of the shoots, leaving the walnut harvest unattended.

Hazel variety Kontorta is a shrub 1.5-2.5 m high or a tree up to 4.5 m, with a dense spherical crown 1.5-2.5 m in diameter. Curved and twisted shoots are intertwined. Asymmetrical dark green leaves of hazel are wrinkled, deformed, with pubescent pronounced veins; in autumn they change color to yellow. The growth rate of the variety is slow, every year the bush increases by 25 cm.

Fruiting is rare, nuts are edible. The variety tolerates shading, grows in any soil. Planting and caring for Kontorta hazel is impossible only on acidic soils. It is recommended to include strong pruning in the variety care complex.

Red Majestic

Red-leaved decorative variety created by hybridization of Common and Large Hazel. It grows up to 3 m, a dense spreading crown reaches 3 m in diameter. The hazel branches of this variety are bent and twisted. Leaves in the sun are red-purple, in the shade - green with a purple tint.

Hazelnuts are small, red-brown, edible, single or collected in 2-4 pieces, completely submerged in a red tubular cupule, ripen in September-October. Pollination with other varieties or species of hazelnuts and hazel is recommended.

The variety is winter-hardy, tolerates a drop in temperature to -34 ° C, shelter is needed only in the first years after planting. The tops of young shoots can freeze after a particularly harsh winter, but in spring they quickly recover.

Planting and caring for Red Majestic hazel is recommended in well-drained soils as a single focal plant or as part of large and small landscape groups.

Trebizond

The hazelnut variety meets the best international standards, has been known for a long time, but was adopted by the State Register in 2017. Originators - V.G. Volkov and R.V. Fursenko

Hazelnut Trebizond forms an erect shrub 3-3.5 m high with a rounded crown of medium density. Large, one-dimensional, flat-bottomed blunt nuts, the average weight of which reaches 4 g, ripen in medium terms. The hazelnut bun, which consists of two parts, is large and tightly covers the fruit.

The dense creamy flesh of the nut is sweet, received a score of 5 points. The kernel yield is 48%, the yield is about 25 centners per hectare. Planting Trebizond hazelnuts is recommended throughout the Russian Federation.

How to plant hazelnuts

Hazel is an unpretentious crop that grows well and bears fruit on different soils. Its cultivated large-fruited varieties, called hazelnuts, are also not very demanding on the soil or planting site.

Landing dates

You can plant hazel on the site in spring and autumn. The main thing is that at this time the soil is warm and moist. Planting hazelnuts in spring is carried out simultaneously or a little later with the start of field work, so that by the time the leaves open, the seedlings will take root. In autumn, earthworks must be completed no later than 20 days before the first frost, otherwise hazel may not survive.

Selection and preparation of the landing site

Unlike other crops, hazelnuts and hazel are less demanding on soil or relief. They can be grown even on steep slopes after creating terraces, or simply by digging holes. For planting hazelnuts, the western, northwestern, northern, northeastern and eastern slopes are used. The southern side of the hills is not suitable for growing crops - there hazel suffers from a lack of moisture, spring frosts and blooms prematurely.

For planting and caring for hazelnuts in the open field, any soil is suitable, except for dry sandy, swampy or saline. But the culture gives preference to humus-carbonate soil. Groundwater should not occur higher than 1 m to the surface.

Care must be taken to protect the hazel from strong winds. Although the root system of hazelnuts is shallow, it is strong enough and well-branched to hold onto mountain slopes and not be uprooted when the weather worsens. But in open areas, the wind interferes with the pollination of hazel, knocks down ovaries and nuts.

When growing hazelnuts, sufficient illumination of the site is of great importance. In the shade, the bush will not die, but it will bloom poorly and will give few nuts. Red-leaved hazelnut varieties will lose their decorative effect.

When growing hazel in the country, previous crops do not matter. When planting in spring, the soil is dug up in the fall, and vice versa. If the hazel grove is laid on a slope with a steepness of more than 10 °, holes are dug 1-1.5 m deep and wide, or they equip terraces in at least 6 months. They should not be horizontal, but have a reverse slope of 3-8 °. Planting holes for planting hazel or hazelnuts on flat areas are dug with a depth and diameter of at least 50 cm.

Acidic soils are limed at the rate of 500 g per 1 sq. m. On chernozems, sand and humus should be added under hazel to improve aeration.

Seedling preparation

Hazelnut seedlings with a closed root system take root better. They cost much more than dug ones, but they can be planted all spring or autumn, even with leaves that have blossomed or did not have time to fall.

When buying hazelnut seedlings with an open root system, it is better to be personally present when they are dug up. If this is not possible, you should pay attention to the fact that the buds are in a dormant state - this is more likely that hazel will take root without problems. You need to carefully examine the root of the hazelnut. It should be fresh, intact, well developed and covered with a large number of fibrous processes.

Before planting, the container plant is moistened, but not strongly, but so that it is easy to remove it.A hazelnut seedling with an open root is soaked in water with black soil for at least 3 hours. It should not be immersed in a clay mash. If the root of the hazelnut has been damaged, it is pruned to healthy tissue. Too long processes are shortened.

How to plant hazelnuts

Before planting hazel, a fertile mixture is prepared from the top layer of soil and humus. Lime is added to acidic ones, and dense soils are improved with sand. There is nothing difficult in planting hazel:

1. The planting hole 2 weeks before the start of earthworks is 2/3 filled with planting mixture mixed with fertilizers - 150 g of superphosphate and 5 g of potassium salt.
2. The day before, the hazelnut ditch is completely filled with water.
3. A mound is poured in the center of the pit, a peg is driven in a little to the side.
4. A hazelnut seedling is installed on a hill, the roots are straightened and covered with planting mixture. It is necessary that the near-trunk circle is below ground level, but not to deepen the root collar.
5. The soil is compacted, 2-3 buckets of water are poured under each hazelnut bush, mulched.
6. The seedling is cut, leaving 5-6 buds.

Hazelnut planting scheme

The technology of growing hazelnuts provides for a planting scheme of 8x8 or 8x7 m, on steep slopes - 6x6 or 5x5 m, and only in a checkerboard pattern. Deviations from the specified plan are allowed. On rich soils for hazel, you can leave a larger area of ​​food, on poor soils - a smaller one.

How to care for hazelnuts

Hazel bears excellent fruit in natural conditions of different climatic zones. When breeding hazelnut varieties, the culture has become more whimsical, but still remains a "plant for the lazy."

Loosening of the soil is of great importance in caring for hazel. At the same time, one should not forget that most of the roots lie at a depth of 10-35 cm, only some of them go down to 1 m. Shoots thicker than 3 cm in hazel are poorly renewed. Therefore, loosening should be regular, but the trunks should be processed to a depth of no more than 6-8 cm.

Watering and feeding hazel

Hazelnuts need regular watering. Without this, a lot of empty nuts are formed, the percentage of kernel yield decreases, and the yield drops by half. Product quality also suffers.

Depending on the region and weather, hazel is watered 1-2 times a month. Mandatory water charging is carried out several times per season:

• immediately after flowering;
• in May;
• in June;
• twice in July, when hazelnut kernels are filled and next year's fruit buds are laid;
• after falling leaves.

Air humidity is of great importance for hazel - it must be high. If the site has sprinkler irrigation or fogging installation - no problem. Other gardeners can hose hazelnuts once a week. It is necessary to spray the jet in such a way that the pressure of water does not knock down the nuts, sprinkling is carried out in the afternoon or in cloudy weather.

If, when planting hazel, the pit was filled with fertilizers, they begin to feed it after 3 years. Every autumn, the trunk circle is mulched with compost or humus with the addition of ash. In the spring, 100-150 g of nitroammofoska is embedded in the soil under each bush, and during the formation of ovaries, hazelnuts are additionally fertilized with urea.

On chernozems and nutrient-rich soils, additional doses of nitrogen are not introduced - this will cause rapid growth of the aboveground part to the detriment of fruiting. In addition, hazelnut shoots will not have time to ripen before the end of the season and will definitely freeze. Hazel will receive all the necessary elements with organic matter and ash.

On too poor soils, it makes sense to carry out additional feeding not with urea, but with slurry. For this:

1. The barrel is 1/3 filled with fresh manure.
2. Add water.
3. Leave the mixture in the sun to ferment for 2 weeks.
4. The contents of the barrel are stirred daily with a long stick.
5. The fermented slurry is diluted 2 times with water and watered with hazelnuts. 3-4 buckets are consumed for each adult bush.

A good result is spraying on hazel leaves with urea or other nitrogen fertilizers. This is called quick feeding and can be done every 2 weeks until late June or early July.

Trimming and shaping

The idea behind formative hazelnut pruning is to get a shrub that has 8-10 but no more than 12 skeletal trunks growing as far apart as possible. They must be evenly spaced in all directions.

Usually, a high-quality hazel seedling forms a bush on its own, the gardener's task is to remove weak and thickening skeletal branches in a timely manner. If root shoots are poorly formed 2-3 years after planting the hazelnuts, the entire aerial part is cut off at a level of 6-8 cm from the ground. The next season, a lot of stumps appear, which are allowed to grow freely, and in the second or third spring, the extra ones are removed, leaving the strongest and most well-located ones.

Further pruning of hazel is to remove excess shoots that appear at the base of the bush and dry shoots. It is impossible to shorten one-year branches - it is on them that male earrings and female flowers are formed, ensuring the next year's hazelnut harvest.

The rejuvenation of hazel begins when the yield decreases. Usually this does not happen earlier than after 20-25 years, even in the absence of care. Total pruning is carried out only on heavily overgrown and neglected hazels. Well-groomed hazel is rejuvenated gradually.

Protection against diseases and pests

The main protection of hazelnuts from diseases and pests is proper agricultural technology and preventive spraying with colloidal sulfur and copper-containing preparations. Thickened planting of hazel is a breeding ground for infection, it is inconvenient to care for them, it is impossible to treat them with chemicals.

Most often, hazelnuts are sick:

• powdery mildew;
• brown leaf spot.

Of the pests of hazel, the following should be distinguished:

• nut weevil;
• nut barbel;
• earring gall midge;
• aphid;
• shield;
• bugs.

Hazelnuts and other pests are affected during the period of mass reproduction. To protect the hazel, it is imperative to loosen the trunk circles by 6-8 cm in the spring and autumn. The row spacings need deeper processing. You can destroy insect pests on hazelnuts using insecticides.

Preparing for winter

Hazel has good frost resistance if grown in regions with a climate similar to the natural habitat of the species. She does not need shelter.

If you plant hazelnut varieties in accordance with the zones of their frost resistance and according to the rules of agricultural technology, you need to insulate the seedlings only in the first year. For hazel, it is not so much negative temperatures in winter or during flowering that are terrible, but even a small minus after pollination. To preserve hazelnut ovaries, smoke is carried out, plantings are covered with agrofibre or lutrastil.

Features of growing and caring for hazel in different regions

Hazelnuts are easiest to grow in regions with warm climates. Care is minimal there, and the choice of varieties is huge.

Growing hazel in the Urals

Common hazel and other winter-hardy species common in cold regions of Russia grow in the Urals without any problems. But in varieties of hazelnuts, male earrings can freeze - they form in June or July of the previous year, winter on young shoots, and open in spring. If the frost damages the shoots, they recover quickly, and the flowers no longer produce pollen.

To prevent this from happening, you need to choose hazelnut varieties that are resistant to cold. Of those included in the State Register:

• Academician Yablokov;
• Ivanteevsky Red;
• Kudrife;
• Moscow Runnmiy;
• Moscow Rubin;
• Firstborn;
• Purple;
• Sugar;
• Tambov Early;
• Trebizond.

For pollination to occur at any cost, the male flowers must be preserved. For this, hazelnut branches with male earrings are bent to the ground in the fall and fixed. You can just put a stone on a branch. Snow will cover the escape, and the earring will survive.

In the spring, the load is removed, the flexible branch of the hazelnut straightens and takes its previous position. True, there is a danger that there will be no snow, or the earring in the shelter will wipe out. But pollination does not require many male flowers. It is enough to tilt several branches with earrings for each variety of hazelnuts - then the likelihood that at least something will be preserved increases.

Otherwise, planting and caring for hazelnuts in the Urals does not differ from other regions.

How to grow hazelnuts in Siberia

In the State Register there are hazelnut varieties recommended for cultivation throughout Russia. There are no such that are intended specifically for Siberia. Common hazel, which became the progenitor of most varieties of hazelnuts, does not grow there in natural conditions.

Planting and caring for Common Hazel in Siberia is generally irrational. They have their own species, for example, Manchurian and Variegated, which give enough nuts and grow without problems.

Varietal hazelnuts in Siberia have long been an imported product. But recently the Barnaul Research Institute of Horticulture of Siberia named after V.I. M.A.Lisavenko and an experienced gardener from Biysk R.F. Sharov created varieties specially designed for the region:

• Alida;
• Lentina;
• Biysk Green-leaved;
• Biysk Red-leaved;
• Biysk Sharova.

In Siberia, planting and caring for hazel is carried out under the protection of fences or buildings, in places where there is a lot of snow in winter. The main problem when growing hazelnuts in this region is not that the bushes will not survive the winter, but in the freezing of the catkins. You can save them in the way recommended for the Urals.

Planting and caring for common hazel in the Moscow region

Hazelnuts and hazelnuts in the Moscow region grow without any problems at all. By some strange whim of nature, the capital and its environs are an island of the fifth frost resistance zone, surrounded by a colder fourth. Only the southernmost varieties of hazelnuts will not grow there. Those who live near Kiev spend the winter, and require the same care in the suburbs.

Hazelnut pollinators

The beginning of the growing season of hazel is considered to be flowering, which occurs before the leaves bloom, when the temperature rises to 12 ° C. Hazelnut earrings elongate, anthers burst and yellow pollen fertilizes female flowers with the help of the wind.

If during flowering the temperature drops to -6 ° C, this does not affect the yield of hazel. But after fertilization, a cold snap to -2-3 ° C is detrimental to the ovaries.

To obtain a good harvest, hazelnuts must be pollinated with other varieties or hazel. Even in private gardens, it is recommended to plant 3-4 varieties, despite the fact that the culture forms quite large bushes.

This is mainly due to the fact that often the male and female flowers of the same hazelnut variety do not open at the same time. And then, even under favorable conditions, pollination does not occur.

For southern hazelnut varieties, good universal pollinators are:

• Circassian-2;
• Furfulak;
• Curly;
• Lombard red or white.

In regions with a temperate or cold climate, it makes sense to grow a common hazel bush in the garden, which perfectly pollinates varietal hazelnuts. In a small garden, you can simply plant a view on one skeletal branch.

If possible and time, hazelnut pollination can be done manually. For example, keep pollen from male earrings at a temperature close to 0 °, and when female flowers open, transfer to them with a soft brush.

It happens that male and female flowers open at the same time, but the weather is calm. Then you can help the hazelnut by simply shaking the branches.

When hazelnuts begin to bear fruit

With vegetative propagation, hazelnut varieties begin to bear fruit after 3-4 years, grown from seeds - after 6-7 years. Hazel gives a full harvest from 8 or 10 years. The skeletal branch lives for 2-2.5 decades, then dies off or is cut out. The hazel bush is capable of renewing shoots for 80-90 years, under favorable conditions in the southern regions - up to 150-180 years.

Harvesting

Potentially, hazel should bear fruit annually. This is exactly what happens in the southern regions - fruitful seasons alternate with those when few nuts grow. In the northern regions, abundant fruiting of hazel occurs every 6-7 years. This is mainly due to the freezing of flower buds or non-simultaneous opening of male and female flowers.

Collecting fully ripe nuts

Harvesting of hazelnuts is carried out as the nuts ripen. This happens when the plyusa (wrapper) turns yellow and the fruits crumble. If you pluck hazelnuts from a tree, there is a high probability that they did not have time to ripen to the end, and will not be stored for long. In addition, unripe hazelnuts do not gain enough fats, carbohydrates, proteins. The kernels of such nuts are tasteless and small. Late in the harvest of hazelnuts is fraught with the fact that the fruits will be taken away by birds, rodents and other "helpers". In the worst case, the nuts that fall to the ground will start to rot.

To facilitate harvesting, the space under the hazelnuts or hazelnuts is cleared of plant debris and other debris. You can spread a tarp on the ground.

A small-volume harvest of hazelnuts is cleaned from the pluses by hand, a significant harvest is threshed.

Collecting nuts of technical ripeness

You can collect hazelnuts by manually removing them from the bush at the stage of technical maturity, when the plush has already turned brown, and the nut has changed color to light brown or yellow, but did not have time to crumble. This is done in several passes, picking off the fruits along with the wrapper.

Plus, the hazelnuts are not removed from the hazelnuts, but piled into heaps, where they ripen and fermentation takes place. Then the tannins from the wrapper oxidize the shell and make it dark brown, and give the kernels a characteristic taste.

Drying nuts

Hazel fruits are dried in a ventilated area for 1-2 weeks, sprinkled with a thin layer. You can take them outside for a day in a shaded place, and clean them at night so that they do not accumulate moisture.

Nuts are ready for storage when their moisture content does not exceed 12-14%. This can be determined by the sound - a handful of hazelnuts are shaken, if there is a knock, it is packed in paper bags. At a temperature of 3 to 12 ° C in a dry room, they will be stored for a year. Content at 0-3 ° C will prolong the shelf life of hazelnuts up to 3-4 years.

To get roasted nuts, they are dried in the oven at 110 ° C.

How to propagate hazelnuts

Hazelnuts and hazelnuts are propagated vegetatively or by seed. When planting nuts, varietal properties may not be preserved or not fully transferred.

By dividing the bush

For a private plot, this is the easiest way to propagate ungrafted hazelnuts, which retains all the characteristics of the variety. An old bush is dug up, all shoots are cut off to a height of 15-20 cm, and they are divided into parts. Each must have at least one stump and part of the root.

Layers

This method also preserves the characteristics of the variety if the hazelnuts have not been grafted. It is not much more complicated than the previous one, but it takes time. Hazelnut layering can be of three types.

Regular layering (arches)

2 cm of bark is removed from the flexible shoot of hazelnuts at a distance of 30 cm from the top, or an incision is made into which a match is inserted. The wound surface is powdered with a growth stimulant and added with the damaged side down to a depth of 8 to 15 cm. The soil is compacted and watered, the top is tied to a peg. In the next season, the hazelnut seedling is transferred to a permanent place.

Vertical layering

The hazelnut bush is completely cut off in early spring, leaving hemp 8 cm high. New shoots will begin to grow, they are gradually covered with soil, leaving the tops on the surface. When the mound reaches a height of 20 cm, the earth is stopped adding. Throughout the season, the hazelnut bush is watered abundantly, and the next fall it is divided and planted.

Horizontal layering

In the spring, before the leaves bloom, the top of a hazelnut shoot with a height of 120-150 cm and a thickness of 6-8 mm is cut off, horizontally laid in a groove 8-10 cm deep. The trench is not filled with soil, but the branch is pinned in several places. Shoots begin to grow from the buds, which are gradually covered with earth. By the end of the season, a mound with a height of about 10 cm will form. The next fall, a hazelnut shoot is dug up and divided into parts, each of which should consist of a shoot and a fibrous root.

Root shoots (scrubbing)

Hazelnut and hazelnut shoots appear 2-3 years after planting in a permanent place. A bush during its life can form from 80 to 140 root suckers. Weak ones are cut, strong ones go to replacement shoots and growth of hazel, but can be used for breeding hazelnuts.

For this, the best 2-3-year-old offspring are chosen, separated from the mother bush with an ax or a shovel, and ripped out of the ground. Their root system is usually weak, the seedlings are placed in a school for growing. In private gardens, hazelnut shoots can be immediately planted in a permanent place, 2-3 pieces per hole.

Vaccinations

To propagate hazelnuts by grafting, you need to have some experience - the cadmium layer in the culture is thin. As a stock, common hazel, variegated and tree (bear walnut) are used. Cuttings are harvested in the fall and stored in snowdrifts.

In the spring, they are inoculated into the cleft, into the butt, behind the bark. You can do copulation with an eye in the summer, while the scion should be cut off no more than 24 hours before the operation. The vaccination site is coated with garden varnish, tied and covered under polyethylene. After the scion and rootstock grow together, the cellophane is first removed, and after 2 weeks - the fabric.

All shoots are removed, shoots located below the grafting site are cut out.

Green cuttings

This is the most unreliable method of breeding hazelnuts. It is laborious and gives a very low survival rate. The upper or middle part of the green cuttings is cut into pieces of 10-15 cm, the lower leaves are removed, treated with a rooting stimulator and planted in a cold greenhouse.

How to grow a stock for grafting hazelnut cuttings

Grafting of hazelnuts on hazel allows you to breed especially valuable varieties, but cannot increase the frost resistance of southern varieties. Even if the root remains intact, the earrings will freeze in winter, and this has long interfered with the advance of the culture to the north.

The ideal stock for hazelnut varieties is Hazelnut Tree-like, it practically does not grow overgrowth, which greatly facilitates care. But the species grows poorly in cold climates. So it makes sense to do such vaccinations only in the southern regions.

Common hazel is a good scion that can be used in the European part of Russia and warm or hot Asian regions. Due to the peculiarities of the climate in the North and beyond the Urals, it is preferable (but not necessary) to graft hazelnuts on Raznolistnaya Hazelnuts.

The best graft will be a seedling grown from a walnut in the area where the garden will be laid.

Growing hazelnuts as a business

Industrial cultivation of hazelnuts is possible in an area unsuitable for other crops. The hazel grove will thrive on steep slopes, and if the terraces are wide enough, mechanized harvesting is possible.On a large plantation, it is better to plant 5-6 varieties, and every 10 rows to plant a strip of Common Hazel for cross-pollination.

Growing hazelnuts on farms, in addition to saving arable land, has a number of advantages:

• ease of storage and long term of implementation;
• the average yield of hazelnuts is about 20 centners per hectare;
• ease of growing and low cost;
• high demand for hazelnuts both from the population and from processing enterprises;
• high cost of nuts.

Conclusion

Hazelnuts, which are easy to care for and grow, can provide a family with nuts or become an additional income even in small areas. Any gardener can easily cope with this crop and get a decent harvest.

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